Internal Medicine

Pancytopaenia differential

"All Of My Blood Has Taken Some Poison": Aplastic anaemias Overwhelming sepsis Megaloblastic anaemias Bone marrow infiltration Hypersplenism TB SLE Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Trisan W. Graham

Haematology: key numbers

3 and 4 are key in in haematology: 1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin. There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin. There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil. There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Back trouble causes

O, VERSALIUS (Versalius was the name of a famous physician): Osteomyelitis Vertebral fracture Extraspinal tumour Spondylolisthesis Ankylosing spondylitis Lumbar disk increase Intraspinal tumor Unhappiness Stress Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Sports injuries: course of action

RICE: Rest Ice Compression Elevation · RICE especially for fractures, sprains, muscle strains, contusions · Alternatively: I=Immobilization, C=Cold compresses. Show Details / Rate It ---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

Back pain causes

DISK MASS (since near vertebral disc): Degeneration (DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis) Infection (UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis)/ Injury, fracture or compression fracture Spondylitis (ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE) Kidney (stones, infarction, infection) Multiple myeloma/ Metastasis (from cancers of breast, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid) Abdominal pain (referred to the back)/ Aneurysm Skin (herpes zoster)/ Strain/ Scoliosis and lordosis Slipped disk/ Spondylolisthesis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Bronchiectasis: differential

BRONCHIECTASIS: Bronchial cyst Repeated gastric acid aspiration Or due to foreign bodies Necrotizing pneumonia Chemical corrosive substances Hypogammaglobulinemia Immotile cilia syndrome Eosinophilia (pulmonary) Cystic fibrosis Tuberculosis (primary) Atopic bronchial asthma Streptococcal pneumonia In Young's syndrome Staphylococcal pneumonia Show Details / Rate It ---Benson Moses Benjamin JSS Medical College Mysore India

Sickle cell disease complications

SICKLE: Strokes/ Swelling of hands and feet/ Spleen problems Infections/ Infarctions Crises (painful, sequestration, aplastic)/ Cholelithiasis/ Chest syndrome/ Chronic hemolysis/ Cardiac problems Kidney disease Liver disease/ Lung problems Erection (priapism)/ Eye problems (retinopathy) Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

ADP: role in platelet aggregation

ADP = Aggregation from the Dense bodies of Platelets. Show Details / Rate It ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Gynecomastia: common causes

GYNECOMASTIA: Genetic Gender disorder (Klinefelter) Young boy (pubertal)* Neonate* Estrogen Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/ Ca Channel blockers Old age* Marijuana Alcoholism Spironolactone Tumors (Testicular & adrenal) Isoniazid/ Inhibition of testosterone Antineoplastics (Alkylating Agents)/ Antifungal(ketoconazole) · * Asterisk indicates physiologic cause. Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Lethargy, malaise causes

FATIGUED: Fat/ Food (poor diet) Anemia Tumor Infection (HIV, endocarditis) General joint or liver disease Uremia Endocrine (Addison's, myxedema) Diabetes/ Depression/ Drugs Show Details / Rate It ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

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Polycythemia Rubra Vera (PRV): common symptoms

PRV: Plethora/ Pruritis Ringing in ears Visual blurriness Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Rashes: time of appearance after fever onset

"Really Sick Children Must Take No Exercise": · Number of days after fever onset that a rash will appear: 1 Day: Rubella 2 Days: Scarlet fever/ Smallpox 3 Days: Chickenpox 4 Days: Measles (and see the Koplik spots one day prior to rash) 5 Days: Typhus & rickettsia (this is variable) 6 Days: Nothing 7 Days: Enteric fever (salmonella) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor Rivka Zieff Hospital Dept. of Pediatrics, Tzfat, Israel

Anion gap metabolic acidosis: causes

A MUDPILE CAT: Alcohol Methanol Uremia Diabetic ketoacidosis Paraldehyde Iron/ Isoniazid Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Carbamazepine Aspirin Toluene Show Details / Rate It ---Mohamed Azim MD Pediatric Surgeon, Alexandria University, Egypt

Bronchiectasis: causes

A SICK AIRWAY: Airway lesion, chronic obstruction Sequestration Infection, inflamation Cystic fibrosis Kartagners syndrome Allergic brochopulmonary aspergilliosis Immunodeficiencies (hypogammaglobinaemia, myeloma, lymphoma) Reflux, inhalation injury William Campbell syndrome (and other congenitals) Aspiration Yellow nail syndrome/ Young syndrome Show Details / Rate It ---Mr. LW Mason 4th Year Medical Student

Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis

"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss": There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis. Show Details / Rate It ---Ibrahim Mansoor King Edward Medical College

HbA2: concentration in normal blood

HbA2: Concentration of HbA2 is 2% in normal adult blood. Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College , Horizon Medical Institute. Pakistan

Ducket John's: major criteria

ACNES: Arthritis Carditis Nodule (subcutaneous) Erythrema marginatum Sydenham chorea Show Details / Rate It ---Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan

ICU management: A to Z

A: Asepsis/ Airway B: Bed sore/ encourage Breathing/ Blood pressure C: Circulation/ encourage Coughing/ Consciousness D: Drains E: ECG F: Fluid status G: GI losses/ Gag reflex H: Head positioning/ Height I: Insensible losses J: Jugular venous pulse K: Kindness L: Limb care/ Label M: Mouth care N: Nociception/ Nutrition O: Oxygenation/ Orient the patient P: Pulse/ Peristalsis/ Physiotherapy Q: Quiet surroundings R: Respiratory rate/ Restraint S: Stress ulcer/ Suctioning T: Temperature U: Urine V: Ventilator W: Wounds/ Weight X: Xerosis Y: whY Z: Zestful care of the patient Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Hypercalcemia causes

MD PIMPS ME: Malignancy Diuretics (thiazide the main culprit) Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism) Immobilization/ Idiopathic Megadoses of vitamins A,D Paget's disease Sarcoidosis Milk alkali syndrome Endocrine (Addison's disease, thyrotoxicosis) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Left iliac fossa: causes of pain

SUPER CLOT: Sigmoid diverticulitis Uteric colic PID Ectopic pregnancy Rectus sheath haematoma Colorectal carcinoma Left sided lower love pneumonia Ovarian cyst (rupture, torture) Threatened abortion/ Testicular torsion Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

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Respiratory disease: hand signs

CASH: Clubbing Asterixis Small muscle wasting HPOA Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Clubbing: respiratory causes

ABCDEF: Abcess (lung) Bronchiectasis (including CF) Cancer (lung) Decreased oxygen (hypoxia) Empyaema Fibrosing alveolitis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pulmonary edema: treatments

MAD DOG: Morphine Aminophylline Digitalis Diuretics Oxygen GGases in blood (ABG's) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Hypercalcemia: causes

GRIM FED: Granulomas (sarcoid, TB), Renal faliure Immobility (esp. long term) Malignancy Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia) Endocrine (see below for subtypes) Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium) · Endocrine causes are PATH: Phaeochromocytoma Addison's disease Thyrotoxicosis Hyperparathyroidism Show Details / Rate It ---Steve London, England

Acute stridor: differential

ABCDEFGH: · With fever: Abscess Bacterial tracheitis Croup Diphtheria Epiglottitis · Without fever: Foreign body Gas (Toxic Gas) Hypersensitivity Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Hypercalcemia: differential

VITAMIN TRAPS: Vitamin A and D intoxication Immobilization Thyrotoxicosis Addison's disease/ Acidosis Milk-alkali syndrome Inflammatory disorders Neoplastic disease Thiazides, other drugs Rhabdomyolysis AIDS Paget's disease/ Parenteral nutrition/ Parathyroid disease Sarcoidosis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Metabolic acidosis: causes

USED CAR: Ureteroenterostomy Saline hydration Endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroid, hyperthyroid, Addison's) Diarrhea/ DKA/ Drugs Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Ammonium chloride Renal tubular acidosis · Alternatively: USED CARP, to include Parenteral nutrition/ Pancreatic fistula. Show Details / Rate It ---J.J.H. and Vince Yamashiroya Good Samaritan Hospital and Not Specified

Pulmonary edema: treatment

LMNOP: Lasix Morphine Nitrates (NTG) Oxygen Position (upright vs. flat) Show Details / Rate It ---Jeff Gilfor, M.D.

Eosinophilia: differential

NAACP: Neoplasm Allergy/ Asthma Addison's disease Collagen vascular diseases Parasites Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

SIADH: diagnostic sign

Syndrome of INAPPropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone: Increased Na (sodium) PP (urine) · SIADH is characterized by increased urinary sodium. Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital

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Thyroid storm: initial management

PCP'S: PTU - 1 gm po Corticosteroids Propranolol SSKI Show Details / Rate It ---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

Renal failure (acute): management

Manage AEIOU: Anemia/ Acidosis Electrolyte and fluids Infections Other measures (eg nutrition, nausea, vomiting Uremia Show Details / Rate It ---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

Non-gap acidosis: causes

HARD UP: Hyperalimentation Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) RTA Diarrhea Ureterosigmoidostomy Pancreatic fistula Show Details / Rate It ---James Reeves Emory University School of Medicine

Hemoptysis: causes

HEMOPTYSIS: Haemorrhagic diathesis Edema [LVF due to mitral stenosis] Malignancy Others [eg: vasculitis] Pulmonary vascular abnormalities Trauma Your treatment [anticoagulants] SLE Infarction in lungs Septic Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Abdominal pain: medical causes

"ABDOMENAL PANE" [abdominal pain]: Acute rheumatic fever Blood [purpura, a/c hemolytic crisis] DKA cOllagen vascular disease Migraine [abdominal migraine] Epilepsy [abdominal epilepsy] Nephron [uremia] Abdominal angina Lead Porphyria Arsenic NSAID's Enteric fever Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Haemobilia: features

MOB: Melaena Obstructive jaundice Biliary colic Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Harsh Sharma

Thickened nerves: causes

HANDS: Hansen's (leprosy) Amyloidosis Neurofibromatosis Diabetes mellitus Sarcoidosis Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Harsh Sharma

SIADH: major signs and symptoms

SIADH: Spasms Isn't any pitting edema (key DDx) Anorexia Disorientation (and other psychoses) Hyponatremia Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC

Toxicity/ sepsis: signs

6 T's: Tachycardia Tachypnea Tremors Toxic look Tiredness Temperature (fever) Show Details / Rate It ---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

Macrocytic anemia: causes

ABCDEF: Alcohol + liver disease B12 deficiency Compensatory reticulocytosis (blood loss and hemolysis) Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/ Dysplasia (marrow problems) Endocrine (hypothyroidism) Folate deficieny/ Fetus (pregnancy) Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

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Behcet's syndrome: diagnostic criteria

PROSE: Pathergy test (i/d saline injection) Recurrent genital ulceration Oral ulceration (recurrent) Skin lesions Eye lesions · Oral ulceration is central criteria, plus any 2 others. Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Metabolic acidosis: causes

KUSSMAL: Ketoacidosis Uraemia Sepsis Salicylates Methanol Alcohol Lactic acidosis Show Details / Rate It ---Steve Gust Gove District Hospital, NT Australia

Allopurinol: indications

STORE: Stones (history of renal stones) Tophaceous gout (chronic) Over-producers of urate Renal disease Elderly · Bonus: Probenecid indications are basically the opposite of STORE (no renal stone history, etc.). Show Details / Rate It ---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

Raynaud's disease: causes

BAD CT: Blood disorders (eg polycythaemia) Arterial (eg atherosclerosis, Buerger's) Drugs (eg beta-blockers) Connective tissue disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, SLE) Traumatic (eg vibration injury) Show Details / Rate It ---Gajan Rajeswaran Final Year Medical Student, Imperial College School Of Medicine, London

Lead poisoning (chronic): features

ABCDEFGHI: Anaemia/ Anorexia/ Arthralgia/ Abortion/ Atrophy of optic nerve Basophilic stippling of RBC (punctate basophilia)/ Burtonian line on gums Colic/ Constipation/ Coprophyrin excess in urine/ Cerebraloedema Drop (wrist, foot) Encephalopathy/ Emaciation Foul smell of breath/ Failure of kidneys/ Fanconi syndrome Gonadal dysfunction/ Gout-like picture High BP/ Headache/ Hallucination/ Hyperaesthesia Impotence/ Insomnia/ Irritability Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Splenomegaly: causes

CHICAGO: Cancer Hem, onc Infection Congestion (portal hypertension) Autoimmune (RA, SLE) Glycogen storage disorders Other (amyloidosis) Show Details / Rate It ---Gerard Dang Chicago Medical School

SIADH: causes

SIADH: Surgery Intracranial: infection, head injury, CVA Alveolar: Ca, pus Drugs: opiates,antiepileptics, cytotoxics, anti-psychotics Hormonal: hypothyroid, low corticosteroid level Show Details / Rate It ---Steve Gust Gove District Hospital, NT, Australia

Ileus: causes

MD SPUGERS: Mesenteric ischemia Drugs (see below) Surgical (post-op) Peritonitis/ Pancreatitis (sentinnel loop) Unresolved mechanical obstruction (eg mass, intussusception, blockage) Gram negative sepsis Electrolyte imbalance (eg hypokalemia) Retroperitoneal bleed or hematoma Spinal or pelvic fracture · Drugs are Aluminum hydroxide, Ba++, Ca carbonate, opiates, TCA, verapamil. Show Details / Rate It ---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

Ulcers: types

VAN: Venous/ Vasculitic Arterial Neuropathic Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor University of Sydney, Australia

Pulmonary fibrosis: causes

SCAR: · Upper lobe: Silicosis/ Sarcoidosis Coal worker pneumonconiosis Ankylosing spondylitis Radiation · Lower lobe: Systemic sclerosis Cyptogenic fibrosing alveolitis Asbetosis Rheumatoid arthritis Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

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Dialysis indications

HAVE PEE: Hyperkalemia (refractory) Acidosis (refractory) Volume overload Elevated BUN (> 36 mM) Pericarditis Encephalopathy Edema (pulmonary) Show Details / Rate It ---Tim Welke and Darren Yuen University of Toronto Medical School

SLE: factors that make SLE active

UV PRISM: UV (sunshine) Pregnancy Reduced drug (eg steroid) Infection Stress More drug Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pruritus without rash: DDx

ITCHING DX: Infections (scabies, toxocariasis, etc) Thyroidal and other endocrinopathies (eg diabetes mellitus) Cancer Hematologic diseases (eg iron deficiency)/ Hepatopathies/ HIV Idiopathic Neurotic Gravid (pruritus of pregancy) Drugs eXcretory dysfunctions (eg uremia) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Horner's syndrome: components

SAMPLE: Sympathetic chain injury Anhidrosis Miosis Ptosis Loss of ciliospinal reflex Enophthalmos Show Details / Rate It ---Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Caplan syndrome: characteristics

CAPlan: Coal worker pneumoconiosis Arthritis Pulmonary nodule Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Anemia: non-megaloblastic causes of macrocytic anemia

HAND LAMP: Hypothyroidism Aplastic anaemia Neonates Drugs Liver disease Alcohol Myelodyplasia Pregnancy Show Details / Rate It ---Philip Robinson Wellington School of Medicine, Otago University

Acromegaly symptoms

ABCDEF: Arthralgia/ Arthritis Blood pressure raised Carpal tunnel syndrome Diabetes Enlargemed organs Field defect Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

NSAIDs: contraindications

NSAID: Nursing and pregnancy Serious bleeding Allergy/ Asthma/ Angioedema Impaired renal function Drug (anticoagulant) Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

ACEI: contraindictions

PARK: Pregnancy Allergy Renal artery stenosis K increase (hyperkalemia) Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

Pressure Sore: Norton Score

MAGIC: Mobility ADL General condition Incontinence Conscious level Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

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Fall: differential

I SAVED PANGS: Illness Syncope Accident Vision Epilepsy (or other fit) Drugs Psychiatric (eg dementia) Anaemia Neurological (Parkinsons, cerebellar, neuropathy) Glucose (hypoglycemia) Stroke Show Details / Rate It ---Steve

Pleural effusion: investigations

PLEURA: Pleural fluid (thoracentesis) Lung, pleural biopsy ESR Ultrasound Radiogram Analysis of blood Show Details / Rate It ---Huiquan Zhao Children Hospital, Cincinnati

Chronic cough: full differential

GASPS AND COUGH: GORD Asthma Smoking, chronic bronchitis Post-infection Sinusitis, post-nasal drip ACE inhibitor Neoplasm Diverticulum Congestive heart failure Outer ear Upper airway obstruction GI-airway fistula Hypersensitivity Show Details / Rate It ---Fahed Al-Daour

Dyspnea: causes

SHE PANTS: Stress, anxiety Heart disease Emboli Pulmonary disease Anaemia Neuromuscular disease Trachea obstruction Sleep disorder Show Details / Rate It ---Fahed Al-Daour

Haemoptysis: causes

CAVITATES: CHF Airway disease, bronchiectasis Vasculitis/ Vascular malformations Infection (eg TB) Trauma Anticoagulation Tumour Embolism Stomach Show Details / Rate It ---Fahed Al-Daour

Wheezing: causes

ASTHMA: Asthma Small airways disease Tracheal obstruction Heart failure Mastocytosis or carcinoid Anaphylaxis or allergy Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Splenomegaly: causes

HICCUPS: Haematological Infective : Kala azar, malaria, enteric fever Congestive: CCF, constrictive pericarditis, IVC thrombosis, Hepatic vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis and splenic vein thrombosis Collagen diseases: SLE, Felty's syndrome Unknown etiology: tropical splenomegaly Primary malignacies (secondaries are rare) Storage diseases: Gaucher's disease, Niemman Pick Show Details / Rate It ---Saurav Pokharel MBBS Student, Final year

Cyanosis: DDx

COLD PALMS: · Peripheral cyanosis: Cold Obstruction LVF and shock Decreased cardiac output · Central cyanosis: Polycythemia Altitude Lung dz Met-, sulphaemoglobinaemia Shunt Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor and M/cdt. Sandeep Samrat Sharma University College Dublin and AFMC, India