Cardio

Aortic stenosis characteristics

SAD: Syncope Angina Dyspnoea Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

MI: basic management

BOOMAR: Bed rest Oxygen Opiate Monitor Anticoagulate Reduce clot size Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

ECG: left vs. right bundle block

"WiLLiaM MaRRoW": W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block. M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block. · Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pericarditis: causes

CARDIAC RIND: Collagen vascular disease Aortic aneurysm Radiation Drugs (such as hydralazine) Infections Acute renal failure Cardiac infarction Rheumatic fever Injury Neoplasms Dressler's syndrome Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Murmurs: systolic types

SAPS: Systolic Aortic Pulmonic Stenosis · Systolic murmurs include aortic and pulmonary stenosis. · Similarly, it's common sense that if it is aortic and pulmonary stenosis it could also be mitral and tricusp regurgitation]. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

MI: signs and symptoms

PULSE: Persistent chest pains Upset stomach Lightheadedness Shortness of breath Excessive sweating Show Details / Rate It ---Sara Nemetz

Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock

"Heart SAVER": Symphatoadrenal system Atrial natriuretic factor Vasopressin Endogenous digitalis-like factor Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system · In all 5, system is activated/factor is released Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Murmurs: right vs. left loudness

"RILE": Right sided heart murmurs are louder on Inspiration. Left sided heart murmurs are loudest on Expiration. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

ST elevation causes in ECG

ELEVATION: Electrolytes LBBB Early repolarization Ventricular hypertrophy Aneurysm Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis) Injury (AMI, contusion) Osborne waves (hypothermia) Non-occlusive vasospasm Show Details / Rate It ---Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services

Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)

3 D's: Distant heart sounds Distended jugular veins Decreased arterial pressure Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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MI: therapeutic treatment

ROAMBAL: Reassure Oxygen Aspirin Morphine (diamorphine) Beta blocker Arthroplasty Lignocaine Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

CHF: causes of exacerbation

FAILURE: Forgot medication Arrhythmia/ Anaemia Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection Lifestyle: taken too much salt Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism Renal failure Embolism: pulmonary Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey

Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic

PASS: Pulmonic & Aortic Stenosis=Systolic. PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic. Show Details / Rate It ---W. Ciulla, RN, PA-C New Life Medical Clinic

Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic

Systolic murmurs: MR AS: "MR. ASner". Diastolic murmurs: MS AR: "MS. ARden". · The famous people with those surnames are Mr. Ed Asner and Ms. Jane Arden. Show Details / Rate It ---Kristy Thomas, PA-C Mesquite Medical Associates, Mesquite, NV

MI: therapeutic treatment

"O BATMAN!": Oxygen Beta blocker ASA Thrombolytics (eg heparin) Morphine Ace prn Nitroglycerin Show Details / Rate It ---Kristy Thomas, PA-C Mesquite Medical Associates, Mesquite, NV

Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology

MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant. MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pericarditis: EKG

"PericarditiS": PR depression in precordial leads. ST elevation. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes

HOLT: Grab Harold Holt around the neck and throw him in the ocean: Heart failure Obstruction of venea cava Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular Intra-Thoracic pressure increase Show Details / Rate It ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

MI: therapeutic treatment

MONAH: Morphine Oxygen Nitrogen Aspirin Heparin Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Depressed ST-segment: causes

DEPRESSED ST: Drooping valve (MVP) Enlargement of LV with strain Potassium loss (hypokalemia) Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI) Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism) Subendocardial ischemia Subendocardial infarct Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage) Dilated cardiomyopathy Shock Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali V.

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Murmurs: innocent murmur features

8 S's: Soft Systolic Short Sounds (S1 & S2) normal Symptomless Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG) Standing/ Sitting (vary with position) Sternal depression Show Details / Rate It ---Ziad Jaradat Jordan University School of Medicine

Murmur attributes

"IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves): Intensity Location Pitch Quality Radiation Shape Timing Show Details / Rate It ---Ghassan Abu Said 4th year Medical Student

Murmurs: locations and descriptions

"MRS A$$": MRS: Mitral Regurgitation--Systolic A$$: Aortic Stenosis--Systolic · The other two murmurs, Mitral stenosis and Aortic regurgitation, are obviously diastolic. Show Details / Rate It ---Alex Gitelman SUNY Downstate

Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers

"Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium" · Cardioselective betablockers are: Betaxolol Acebutelol Esmolol Atenolol Metoprolol Show Details / Rate It ---Diljot Singh Bedi GMCH Chandigarh, India

Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable

HILT: Heaving Impalpable Laterally displaced Thrusting/ Tapping · If it is impalpable, causes are COPD: COPD Obesity Pleural, Pericardial effusion Dextrocardia Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

MI: treatment of acute MI

COAG: Cyclomorph Oxygen Aspirin Glycerol trinitrate Show Details / Rate It ---Alan Desmond Cork University Hospital

Coronary artery bypass graft: indications

DUST: Depressed ventricular function Unstable angina Stenosis of the left main stem Triple vessel disease Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria

SICVD: Symmetry of leg musculature Integrity of skin Color of toenails Varicose veins Distribution of hair Show Details / Rate It ---Jeffrey Turner Memorial University, Canada

Rheumatic fever: Revised Jones' criteria

JONES crITERIA: · Major criteria: Joint (arthritis) Obvious (Cardiac) Nodule (Rheumatic) Erythema marginatum Sydenham chorea · Minor criteria: Inflammatory cells (leukocytosis) Temperature (fever) ESR/CRP elevated Raised PR interval Itself (previous Hx of Rheumatic fever) Arthralgia Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Heart murmurs

"hARD ASS MRS. MSD": hARD: Aortic Regurg = Diastolic ASS: Aortic Stenosis = Systolic MRS: Mitral Regurg = Systolic MSD: Mitral Stenosis = Diastolic Show Details / Rate It ---Jack Pasquale, MD St. George's University, School of Medicine

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Mitral regurgitation

When you hear holosystolic murmurs, think "MR-THEM ARE holosystolic murmurs". Show Details / Rate It ---James Noble Emory University School of Medicine

Sino-atrial node: innervation

Sympathetic acts on Sodium channels (SS). Parasympathetic acts on Potassium channels (PS). Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment

ABCDE: Adenosine Beta-blocker Calcium channel antagonist Digoxin Excitation (vagal stimulation) Show Details / Rate It ---Richard Thompson Queens University, Belfast, NI

Ventricular tachycardia: treatment

LAMB: Lidocaine Amiodarone Mexiltene/ Magnesium Beta-blocker Show Details / Rate It ---Richard Thompson Queens University, Belfast, NI

Rheumatic fever: Revised Jones criteria

JONES PEACE: · Major criteria: Joints: migratory O (heart shaped) Carditis: new onset murmur Nodules, subcutaneous: extensor surfaces Erythema marginatum Sydenham's chorea · Minor criteria: PR interval, prolonged ESR elevated Arthralgias CRP elevated Elevated temperature (fever) · Need 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria, plus evidence of recent GAS infection (throat cx, rapid antigen test, or rising strep antibody titer). Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Pulseless electrical activity: causes

PATCH MED: Pulmonary embolus Acidosis Tension pneumothorax Cardiac tamponade Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia Myocardial infarction Electrolyte derangements Drugs Show Details / Rate It ---Will Anderson University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Sinus bradycardia: aetiology

"SINUS BRADICARDIA" (sinus bradycardia): Sleep Infections (myocarditis) Neap thyroid (hypothyroid) Unconsciousness (vasovagal syncope) Subnormal temperatures (hypothermia) Biliary obstruction Raised CO2 (hypercapnia) Acidosis Deficient blood sugar (hypoglycemia) Imbalance of electrolytes Cushing's reflex (raised ICP) Aging Rx (drugs, such as high-dose atropine) Deep anaesthesia Ischemic heart disease Athletes Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Rheumatic fever: Jones criteria

· Major criteria: CANCER: Carditis Arthritis Nodules Chorea Erythema Rheumatic anamnesis · Minor criteria: CAFE PAL: CRP increased Arthralgia Fever Elevated ESR Prolonged PR interval Anamnesis of rheumatism Leucocytosis Show Details / Rate It ---AAG Student

JVP: wave form

ASK ME: Atrial contraction Systole (ventricular contraction) Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling Maximal atrial filling Emptying of atrium · See diagram. Show Details / Rate It ---Hafizur Rahman Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manc Medical School

Coronary artery bypass graft: indications

DUST: Depressed ventricular function Unstable angina Stenosis of the left main stem Triple vessel disease Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

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Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications

RAMP: Recent MI Aortic stenosis MI in the last 7 days Pulmonary hypertension Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

ECG: T wave inversion causes

INVERT: Ischemia Normality [esp. young, black] Ventricular hypertrophy Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques] RBBB, LBBB Treatments [digoxin] Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Rheumatic fever: Jones major criteria

JONES: Joints (migrating polyarthritis) Obvious, the heart (carditis, pancarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis or valvulits) Nodes (subcutaneous nodules) Erythema marginatum Sydenham's chorea Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Myocardial infarctions: treatment

INFARCTIONS: IV access Narcotic analgesics (eg morphine, pethidine) Facilities for defibrillation (DF) Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin) Rest Converting enzyme inhibitor Thrombolysis IV beta blocker Oxygen 60% Nitrates Stool Softeners Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Atrial fibrillation: causes

PIRATES: Pulmonary: PE, COPD Iatrogenic Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD Thyroid: hyperthyroid Endocarditis Sick sinus syndrome Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Atrial fibrillation: management

ABCD: Anti-coagulate Beta-block to control rate Cardiovert Digoxin Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Anti-arrythmics: for AV nodes

"Do Block AV": Digoxin B-blockers Adenosine Verapamil Show Details / Rate It ---Azira Azmi University of Otago

Murmurs: systolic

MR PV TRAPS: Mitral Regurgitation and Prolaspe VSD Tricupsid Regurgitation Aortic and Pulmonary Stenosis Show Details / Rate It ---Ugonna Duru Yale University School Of Medicine

Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat

DOPES: Dextrocardia Obesity Pericarditis/ Pericardial tamponade/ Pneumothorax Emphysema Sinus inversus/ Student incompetence/ Scoliosis/ Skeletal abnormalities (eg pectus excavatum) Show Details / Rate It ---Fiona Hayes and Moses Lee Tong Chsia and Dalton Boyo UWCM, Cardiff, UK and Not Specified and Medical Student

Rheumatic fever: Jones 5 major criteria

STREP: Sydenhams chorea Transient migratory arthritis Rheumatic subcutaneous nodules Erythema marginatum Pancarditis (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis) · STREP, since Rheumatic fever is caused by group A strep. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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Sinus tachycardia

TACH FEVER: Tamponade/ Thyrotoxicosis Anemia CHF Hypotension Fever Excrutiating pain Volume depletion Exercise Rx (Theo, Dopa, Epi, etc) Show Details / Rate It ---Andrew Mackie, PA Rhode Island Hospital

CHF: causes of exacerbation

A SMITH PEAR: Anemia Salt/ Stress/ Stopping meds MI Infection/ Ischemia Thyroid (high/low) HTN Pericarditis Endocarditis (valve disease) Arrhythmia Rx (beta blocker, etc) Show Details / Rate It ---Andrew Mackie, PA Rhode Island Hospital

Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration

LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Murmurs: questions to ask

SCRIPT: Site Character (eg harsh, soft, blowing) Radiation Intensity Pitch Timing Show Details / Rate It ---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Aortic regurgitation: causes

CREAM: Congenital Rheumatic damage Endocarditis Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation Marfan's Show Details / Rate It ---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Heart failure: signs

TAPED TORCH: Tachycardia Ascites Pulsus alternans Elevated jugular venous pressure Displaced apex beat Third heart sound Oedema Right ventricular heave Crepitations or wheeze Hepatomegaly (tender) Show Details / Rate It ---Sandeep Samrat Sharma Armed Forces Medical College

CHF: Left-sided systolic failure signs and symptoms

"Left Systolic Failure Can Have Dialated Heart Cause Of Pulmpnary Backflow": Loss of hair on legs Skin cold and clammy Fatigue Crackles High heart rate Dyspnea HTN Cyanosis Orthopnea Pink Sputum Show Details / Rate It ---Stacey Alvin Community College

Acute Coronary Syndrome: initial treatment

Aspirin Beta blocker Coagulation (anticoagulation with heparin/LMW Heparin) Double product control (decrease heart rate and blood pressure) Show Details / Rate It ---Elden Rand Brooke Army Medical Center - Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX

Derma

Malignant melanoma: 3 sites with poor prognosis

BANS: Back of Arm Neck Scalp Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Albinism: type I vs. II classification

"One has None. Two Accumulates": Type I: have no pigment. Type II: No pigment at birth, but accumulates as person ages. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Generalized skin hyperpigmentation: causes

"With generalized, none of skin is SPARED": Sunlight Pregnancy Addison's disease Renal failure Excess iron (haemochromatosis) Drugs (eg busulphan) Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey HKU

Clubbing: causes

CLUBBING: Cyanotic heart disease Lung disease (hypoxia, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis) UC/Crohn's disease Biliary cirrhosis Birth defect (harmless) Infective endocarditis Neoplasm (esp. Hodgkins) GI malabsorption Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cutaneous inflammation patterns

"Pus of Pig Valve" · Remove the vowels: PSFPGVLV: Psoriaform Spongiotic (eczematous) Folliculitis Panniculitis Granulomatous Vasculopathic Lichenoid Vessiculobullous Show Details / Rate It ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

Nodules: painful cutaneous nodules causes

BENGAL CO.: Blue rubber bleb nevus Eccrine spiradenoma Neurilemmoma/ Neuroma Glomus tumor Angiolipoma/ Angioleiomyoma/ Angiosarcoma Leiomyoma Cutaneous endometriosis/ Calcinosis cutis Osteoma cutis Show Details / Rate It ---Jaggi Rao University of Alberta

Wound healing: factors delaying

DID NOT HEAL: Drugs Infection/ Icterus/ Ischemia Diabetes Nutrition Oxygen (hypoxia) Toxins Hypothermia/ Hyperthermia EtOH Acidosis Local anesthetics Show Details / Rate It ---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

White patch of skin: differential

"Vitiligo PATCH": Vitiligo Pityriasis alba/ Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation Age related hypopigmentation Tinea versicolor/ Tuberous sclerosis (ashleaf macule) Congenital birthmark Hansen's (leprosy) Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Chetan Wasekar Set G.S. Medical College, KEM Hospital, Bombay

Psoriasis: pathophysiology

PSORIASIS: Pink Papules/ Plaques/ Pinpoint bleeding (Auspitz sign)/ Physical injury (Koebner phenomenon)/ Pain Silver Scale/ Sharp margins Onycholysis/ Oil spots Rete Ridges with Regular elongation Itching Arthritis/ Abscess (Munro) Stratum corneum with nuclei, neutrophils Immunologic Stratum granulosum absent/ Stratum Spinosum thickening Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital

Raynaud's phenomenon: causes

COLD HAND: Cryoglobulins/ Cryofibrinogens Obstruction/ Occupational Lupus erythematosus, other connective tissue disease Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs Hematologic problems (polycythemia, leukemia, etc) Arterial problems (atherosclerosis) Neurologic problems (vascular tone) Disease of unknown origin (idiopathic) Show Details / Rate It ---Jaggi Rao University of Alberta

 

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Erythema nodosum: causes

DIPS OUT: Drugs (eg sulfonamides) Infections (eg strep) Pregnancy OCP Ulcerative colitis TB Show Details / Rate It ---Nick Murch Medical House Officer

Pruritus: systemic causes

ITCH: Iron deficiency anemia/ Internal malignancy Thyroid disease/ Type 1 DM CRF/ Chronic liver disease HIV infection/ Hereditary hemochromatosis Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Ibrahim Yasir Ahmed IGMH / Male' Rep. of Maldives

Eye

Optic atrophy causes

ICING: Ischaemia Compressed nerve Intracranial pressure [raised] Neuritis history Glaucoma Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Red eye causes

GO SUCK: Glaucoma Orbital disease Scleritis Uveitis Conjunctivitis Keratitis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Anopsia: quarantic anopsia: location of lesion

Upper: Top: Temporal lesions. Lower: Pits: Parietal lesions. Show Details / Rate It ---Sung Hoon Kim Wonkang Univ Medical school, South Korea

Cataracts: causes

ABCDE: Aging Bang: trauma, other injuries (eg infrared) Congenital Diabetes and other metabolic disturbances (eg steroids) Eye diseases: glaucoma, uveitis Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

Diplopia (uniocular): causes

ABCD: Astigmatism Behavioral: psychogenic Cataract Dislocated lens Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

Corneal stromal dystrophies

"Marilyn Monroe Gets High in LA": Macular: Mucopolysaccharide Granular: Hyaline Lattice: Amyloid Show Details / Rate It ---Elise R. Leonard, M.D.

Nasopharyngeal cancer: classic symptoms

NOSE: Neck mass Obstructed nasal passage Serous otitis media externa Epistaxis and discharge Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Cataracts: differential

CATARAct: Congenital Aging Toxicity (steroids, etc) Accidents Radiation Abnormal metabolism (DM, Wilsons, etc) Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Dacryocystitis, dacryoadenitis: apparatus affected

Dacryocystitis, dacryadenitis: · Cry, so affects lacrimal gland. · Infection and inflammation, respectively. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cataracts: causes

CATARAct: Congenital Aging Toxicity (steroids, etc) Accidents Radiation Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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Choroidal neovascular membrane

HAMMAR: Histoplasmosis ARMD Multifocal Choroiditis Myopia Angiod Rupture of the choroid Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Periorbital cellulitis: etiology

SIGHT: Sinusitis Insect Bite Globular/ Glandular Spread Heme Spread Trauma Show Details / Rate It ---Gregory Gulick Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine

Genetics

Exon vs. intron function

Exons Expressed. InTrons In Trash. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: class having the single ring

· "Pyrimadines are CUT from purines" · Pyrimidines are: Cytosine Uracil Thiamine They are cut from purines so the pyrimadines must be smaller (one ring). Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pedigree symbols: gender and affected

Gender: The cIRcle is a gIRl [so boys are squares]. Affected: Black plague was a disease, so black-filled symbol means an affected/diseased person [so non-filled-in is unaffected]. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Cell cycle stages

"Go Sally Go! Make Children!": G1 phase (Growth phase 1) S phase (DNA Synthesis) G2 phase (Growth phase 2) M phase (Mitosis) C phase (Cytokinesis) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: causes for deviations from it

"Maggie May Does Not Smoke": Mutations Migration Drift Non-random mating Selection Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Tumor suppressor vs. proto-onogene mutations: recessive vs. dominant

"Recess Suppress": Tumor suppressor mutations are recessive. Proto-oncogenes are opposite (dominant). Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Blots: function of Southern vs. Northern vs. Western

"SN0W DR0P": · Match up the 1st word letter with 2nd word letter: Southern=DNA Northern=RNA Western=Protein · The 0's in snow drop are zeros, since there is no Eastern blot. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pyrimidines nucleotides

"CUT the PY" (cut the pie): Cytosine Uracil Thiamine are the PYrimidines Show Details / Rate It ---Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services

Cri-du-chat syndrome: chromosomal deletion causing it is 5p(-)

What's another name for a cat that's five letters long and starts with a P? (Answer: pussy). Why is the cat crying? Missing its P. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: which are purines

"Pure Silver": · Chemical formula of Pure silver is Ag. Therefore, Purines are Adenine and Guanine. Show Details / Rate It ---Jason Mounts Medical College of Georgia

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Achrondroplasia dwarfism: inheritance pattern

Achondroplasia Dwarfism is Autosomal Dominant. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Marfan syndrome features

MARFAN'S: Mitral valve prolapse Aortic Aneurysm Retinal detachment Fibrillin Arachnodactyly Negative Nitroprusside test (differentiates from homocystinuria) Subluxated lens Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi and Wabbas Mahmud UNIBE and Punjab Medical College Faisalabad, Pakistan

Imprinting diseases: Prader-Willi and Angelman

"Pray to an Angel": Prader-Willi and Angelman are the 2 classic imprinting diseases. · Which disease results, depends on whether 15q deletion is maternal or paternal. Keep them straight by: Paternal is Prader-Willi. · See diagram for cardinal symptom of each disease. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Down syndrome pathology

DOWN: Decreased alpha-fetoprotein and unconjugated estriol (maternal) One extra chromosome twenty-one Women of advanced age Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Hurler syndrome features

HURLER'S: Heptosplenomegaly Ugly facies Recessive (AR inheritance) L-iduronidase deficiency (alpha) Eyes clouded Retarded Short/ Stubby fingers Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Tay Sach's features

SACHS: Spot in macula Ashkenazic Jews CNS degeneration Hex A deficiency Storage disease · Extra details with TAY: Testing recommended Autosomal recessive/ Amaurosis Young death (<4 yrs) Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Down syndrome features: complete

"My CHILD HAS PROBLEM!": Congenital heart disease/ Cataracts Hypotonia/ Hypothyroidism Incure 5th finger/ Increased gap between 1st and 2nd toe Leukemia risk x2/ Lung problem Duodenal atresia/ Delayed development Hirshsprung's disease/ Hearing loss Alzheimer's disease/ Alantoaxial instability Squint/ Short neck Protruding tongue/ Palm crease Round face/ Rolling eye (nystagmus) Occiput flat/ Oblique eye fissure Brushfield spot/ Brachycephaly Low nasal bridge/ Language problem Epicanthic fold/ Ear folded Mental retardation/ Myoclonus Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Medical Student '03, Hong Kong University

APKD: genetics

ADult Polycystic Kidney Disease is Autosomal Dominant · Also, "Polycystic kidney" has 16 letters and is due to a defect on chromosome 16. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

DiGeorge/ Velocardiofacial syndrome: features

CATCH 22: Cardiac abnormalities Abnormal facies Thymic aplasia Cleft palate Hypocalcemia 22q11 deletion Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: purines vs. pyrimidines

"Guardian Angels are Pure, with two Wings": G and A are Purines, with two Rings. · See diagram. Show Details / Rate It ---V. Coleman University of Washington SOM, Seattle

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Chromosome 15 diseases

Chromosome 15 has its own MAP: Marfan syndrome Angelman syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome Show Details / Rate It ---Christopher Jordan UAG

Bartter syndrome: inheritance

BARtter syndrome is autosomal recessive (AR). Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: double vs. triple bonded basepairs

"TU bonds" (two bonds): T-A and U-A have Two bonds. G-C therefore has the three bonds. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Codons: nonsense mutation

"Stop talking nonsense!": Nonsense mutation causes premature stop. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

DNA: Z vs. B form: which is inactive

ZZZZ is sleeping (inactive). B form is therefore active DNA. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Nucleotides: purines

"AGUA PURa": Adenine and GUAnine are PURines. · "Agua pura" is spanish for "pure water". Show Details / Rate It ---Patricia Sanchez INTEC University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

H&E

Alcohol abuse screening questions

CAGE: 1. Ever felt it necessary to Cut down on drinking? 2. Has anyone ever said they felt Annoyed by your drinking? 3. Ever felt Guilty about drinking? 4. Ever felt a need to have a morning drink as an Eye opener? Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Abdominal swelling causes

9 F's: Fat Feces Fluid Flatus Fetus Full-sized tumors Full bladder Fibroids False pregnancy Show Details / Rate It ---Richard Thompson and Alex Queens University, Belfast, NI and Not Specified

Patient examination organization

SOAP: Subjective: what the patient says. Objective: what the examiner observes. Assessment: what the examiner thinks is going on. Plan: what they intend to do about it. Show Details / Rate It ---Richard Rathe, MD University of Florida

Vomiting: non-GIT differential

ABCDEFGHI: Acute renal failure Brain [increased ICP] Cardiac [inferior MI] DKA Ears [labyrinthitis] Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.] Glaucoma Hyperemesis gravidarum Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis] Show Details / Rate It ---Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services

History: quick EMS medical history checklist

SAMPLE: Signs/ Symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinent history Last oral intake Events preceding this incident Show Details / Rate It ---Midnight Medic Paramedic in Texas

Pain history checklist

OPQRSTU: Onset of pain (time, duration) Palliative factors for pain Quality of pain (throbbing, stabbing, dull, etc.) Region of body affected Severity of pain (usually scale of 1-10) Timing of pain (after exercise, in evening, etc.) U: How does it affect 'U' in your daily life? · May wish to expand to OPPQRRSTTUVW, with the extra letters representing: Provocative factors Radiation (how does pain spread) Treatments tried Deja Vu: Has this happened before? Worry: What do you think or fear that it is? Show Details / Rate It ---Midnight Medic and Robert Lueken and Michael Waddell Paramedic in Texas and Eastern Virginia Medical School and University of Wisconsin Medical School

Differential diagnosis checklist

"A VITAMIN C" A and C stand for Acquired and Congenital · VITAMIN stands for: Vascular Inflammatory (Infectious and non-Infectious) Trauma/ Toxins Autoimmune Metabolic Idiopathic Neoplastic · Example usage: List causes of decreased vision: Central retinal artery occlusion, Retinitis pigmentosa, Perforation to gobe, Chronic Gentamycin use, Ruematoid arthritis, Diabetes, Idiopathic, Any eye tumor, Myopia. Show Details / Rate It ---Nizaar Lilla University Of Cape Town Medical School

Sign vs. symptom

sIgn: something I can detect even if patient is unconscious. sYMptom is something only hYM knows about. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Eyes: abbreviations for the eyes

You look OUt with Both eyes. Take the Right dose so you won't OD [overdose]. The only one that is Left is OS. · Both eyes=OU, Right eye=OD, Left eye=OS. Show Details / Rate It ---Deborah Belty, RN, MS Tulsa Community College

Medical history: disease checklist

MJ THREADS: Myocardial infarction Jaundice Tuberculosis Hypertension Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatoid arthritis Epilepsy Asthma Diabetes Strokes · Aside: "History" album was by Michael Jackson (MJ). Show Details / Rate It ---Soumendra Datta University College London Medical School

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Pain history checklist

"On Days Feeling Low Character, Run A Seven Pace Race": Onset Duration Frequency Location Character Radiation Severity Precipitating factors Relieving factors Show Details / Rate It ---Carrie Davis, RNC, MSN, WHNP Obici Health System

Pain history checklist

ASK LAST: Aggravating/ Alleviating Severity Karacter Location Associated symptoms Setting Timing Show Details / Rate It ---Miguel Gonzalez Chicago Medical School

Pain history checklist

SOCRATES: Site Onset Character Radiation Alleviating factors/ Associated symptoms Timing (duration, frequency) Exacerbating factors Severity · Alternatively, Signs and Symptoms with the 'S'. Show Details / Rate It ---Piyush and Shirish Toshniwal and Jonathan Round and Neil Mckeon Cambridge and Smt. NHL Medical College, Ahmedabad and RFUCMS

Symptom attributes

"FAST LQQ'S": Factors that make it better/worse Associated manifestations Setting Timing Location Quality Quantity Severity Show Details / Rate It ---Ron Norman AECC

Heart valve auscultation sites

"All Patients Take Meds": · Reading from top left: Aortic Pulmonary Tricuspid Mitral · See diagram. · Alternatively: All Prostitutes Take Money. · Alternatively: APe To Man. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor and Raarsi and Dana M. Not specified and University of Birmingham Medical School and MCC Michigan

Four point physical assessment of a disease

"I'm A People Person": Inspection Auscultation Percussion Palpation Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Physical exam for 'lumps and bumps'

"6 Students and 3 Teachers go for CAMPFIRE": Site, Size, Shape, Surface, Skin, Scar Tenderness, Temperature, Transillumination Consistency Attachment Mobility Pulsation Fluctuation Irreducibility Regional lymph nodes Edge Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey

Surgical sieve

VANISHED: Vascular Accident & trauma Neoplastic Inflammatory Septic Haematologic/ Hereditary Endocrinological Degenerative Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand

Differential diagnosis checklist

"I VINDICATE AIDS": Idiopathic Vascular Infectious Neoplastic Degenerative Inflammatory Congenital Autoimmune Traumatic Endocrinal and metabolic Allergic Iatrogenic Drugs Social Show Details / Rate It ---Michael A. Chaplin SUNY-HSCB Downstate College of Medicine

Symptom sieve

"TIN CAN BED DIP POG": Trauma Infection Neoplasm Cardiac Autoimmune Neurological Blood/ Bone Endocrine Disintegration/ Degeneration Drugs Iatrogenic/ Idiopathic Psychological Paediatric Obstetric Gynaecological Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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Pain history checklist

LOST WAR: Location Onset Severity Time Worsening factors Alleviating factors Radiation Show Details / Rate It ---Jane Day Nottingham Medical School

Short statue causes

RETARD HEIGHT: Rickets Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's) Turner syndrome Achondroplasia Respiratory(suppurative lung disease) Down syndrome Hereditary Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious) IUGR GI (malabsorption) Heart (congenital heart disease) Tilted backbone (scoliosis) Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Medical Student '03, Hong Kong University

Ascultation: crackles (rales)

"PEBbles": Pneumonia Edema of lung Bronchitis Show Details / Rate It ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

Pain history checklist

CHLORIDE: CHaracter (stabbing, throbbing, etc.) Location Onset Radiation Intensity Duration Exacerbating and alleviating factors Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor Student

Differential diagnosis

CIMETIDINE: Congenital Infection/ Inflammatory Metabolic Endocrine Trauma Iatrogenic Degenerative Idiopathic Neoplastic Everything else Show Details / Rate It ---Chng Chiaw Ling NUS, Singapore

Sign vs. symptom

Remember Ace of Base's song that goes like this: "I Saw the Sign, and it opened up my eyes". The physician sees the signs. Show Details / Rate It ---Lee

Systems review: systems checklist

I PUNCH EAR: Integumental Pulmonary Urogenital Nervous Cardiovascular Hematolymphoid Endocrine Alimentary Reproductive Show Details / Rate It ---Beth Ann Young and Robert O'Connor Kent State Univeristy, Nursing Student and University College Dublin

History taking -past medical history

ABCDEFGHI: Asthma Blood pressure (say: 'blood pressure problems') CVA (say: 'stroke') Diabetes mellitus (say: 'diabetes') Epilepsy Fever, rheumatic Gastrointestinal (jaundice) Heart attack Infection (TB) Show Details / Rate It ---Dave Gale Sheffield University Medical School

Pain history checklist

MR. C T FARADS: Main site Radiation Character Timing Frequency Associated factors Relieving factors Aggravating factors Duration Severity Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Abdomen assessment

To assess abdomen, palpate all 4 quadrants for DR. GERM: Distension: liver problems, bowel obstruction Rigidity (board like): bleeding Guarding: muscular tension when touched Eviseration/ Ecchymosis Rebound tenderness: infection Masses Show Details / Rate It ---Lyssa Lenske Mount Saint Mary's College BSN Program

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Pain history checklist

CLITORIS: Character Location Intensity Timing Onset Radiating Irritating and relieving factors Symptoms associated Show Details / Rate It ---Nick Rukin Birmingham Medical School, UK

Heart valve auscultation sites

"All People Try Marijuana": Aortic Pulmonic Tricuspid Mitral Show Details / Rate It ---Leah Harris Tufts University School of Medicine

Consolidations: sound

Consolidations Conduct Consonants Clearly Show Details / Rate It ---Elden Rand BAMC, San Antonio, TX

Past medical history (PMH)

VAMP THIS: Vices (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, sexual risks) Allergies Medications Preexisting medical conditions Trauma Hospitalizations Immunizations Surgeries Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Patient profile (PP)

LADDERS: Living situation/ Lifestyle Anxiety Depression Daily activities (describe a typical day) Environmental risks/ Exposure Relationships Support system/ Stress Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Family history (FH)

BALD CHASM: Blood pressure (high) Arthritis Lung disease Diabetes Cancer Heart disease Alcoholism Stroke Mental health disorders (depression, etc.) Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Differential diagnosis checklist

DIRECTION: Drugs Infection Rheumatologic Endocrine Cardiovascular Trauma Inflammatory Other Neoplasm Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Pathologic classification

NIT DIT FIT: Neoplastic Infectious Traumatic Degenerative/ Drugs Immune Toxic Vascular Inflammatory Totally obscure Show Details / Rate It ---Darren Markland University of Alberta

Pyrexia of Unknown Origin: history taking

SIT ON FRAD: Sexual history Immunisation status Travel history Occupational history Nutrition (consumption of dairy products, etc.) Family history Recreational habits Animal contacts (including ticks and other vectors) Drug history Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Health related behavior (HRB) topics: history taking

"Healthy SEEDS": Substances (alcohol, tobacco, IV drugs?) Environment (hazards at home or work? feel safe?) Exercise (what do you do? how often do you do it?) Diet (any special diet?) Sex (active with m/f/both? >1 partner? safe sex? STD history? difficulty with arousal or orgasm? history of abuse?) · I find this order works well: patients most expect to be asked about alcohol and they least want to talk about their STD history, but taking a solid HRB history first reassures them that it's all part of good medical care. Show Details / Rate It ---Patrick Lee UCSF Medical School

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Breast history checklist

LMNOP: Lump Mammary changes Nipple changes Other symptoms Patient risk factors Show Details / Rate It ---Gajan Rajeswaran Final Year Medical Student, Imperial College School Of Medicine, London

Pain history checklist

COLDER BARS: Character Onset Location Duration Exacerbating factors Radiation Before (ever happened before) Associated symptoms Relieving factors Severity Show Details / Rate It ---Marcus Chia University of Sydney Medical Program

Pain history checklist

SO CRAP: Site Onset Character Radiates to Associated symptoms/ Alleviating and exacerbating factors Periodicity Show Details / Rate It ---Polly Weston Bristol University Med School

History, HCFA components for E+M coding

Q LSD MCAT: Quality Location Severity Duration Modifying factors Context Associated signs and symptoms Timing Show Details / Rate It ---Robert P Lemmon III, MD Village Family Medicine

Surgical sieve for diagnostic categories

INVESTIGATIONS: Iatrogenic Neoplastic Vascular Endocrine Structural/ Mechanical Traumatic Inflammatory Genetic/ Congenital Autoimmune Toxic Infective Old age/ Degenerative Nutritional Spontaneous/ Idiopathic Show Details / Rate It ---Neil Curran Medical Student, Otago University New Zealand

Mental state examination: stages in order

"Assessed Mental State To Be Positively Clinically Unremarkable": Appearance and behaviour [observe state, clothing...] Mood [recent spirit] Speech [rate, form, content] Thinking [thoughts, perceptions] Behavioural abnormalities Perception abnormalities Cognition [time, place, age...] Understanding of condition [ideas, expectations, concerns] Show Details / Rate It ---Hafizur Rahman MRI-Manchester Med School

Branham sign: definition

BRAnham sign: BRAdycardia after compression or excision of a large AV fistula. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Glasgow coma scale: components and numbers

· Scale types is 3 V's: Visual response Verbal response Vibratory (motor) response · Scale scores are 4,5,6: Scale of 4: see so much more Scale of 5: talking jive Scale of 6: feels the pricks (if testing motor by pain withdrawl) Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi and Robert O'Connor

Physical examination - correct order

"I Palpate People's Abdomens": Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation Show Details / Rate It ---Jim McHugh St George's, London

Clinical examination: initial Inspection of patient from end of bed

ABC: Appearance (SOB, pain, etc) Behaviour Connections (drips, inhalers, etc connected to patient) Show Details / Rate It ---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

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Heart ausculation sites: ribs

Apt. M 225A: Aortic valve Pulmonary valve Tricuspid valve Mitral valve · In order they correspond with the following landmarks: 2nd intercostal space (right) 2nd intercostal space (left) 5th intercostal space (left) Apex (still the 5th intercostal space) Show Details / Rate It ---John Medical school

Patient's model of illness (illness history)

"DC REF Fears Similar Decision At ER": Definition Cause Reasoning Effect Future Fears and concerns Similar experiences Decision-making Attempts at treatment Expectations of treatment Results Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Huang School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia

Neurology

Pin-point pupil causes

Pin-Point Pupils are due to oPioids and Pontine Pathology Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Babinski and LMN signs: conditions exhibiting them

"D MASTS": Diabetes Motor neuron disease Ataxia (friedrichs) Subacute combined degeneration of cord Tabo paresis Syringobulbia Show Details / Rate It ---G.S. Dutt

Peripheral neuropathies: differential

DANG THERAPIST: Diabetes Amyloid Nutritional (eg B12 deficiency) Guillain-Barre Toxic (eg amiodarone) Heriditary Endocrine Recurring (10% of G-B) Alcohol Pb (lead) Idiopathic Sarcoid Thyroid Show Details / Rate It ---Ben Campbell University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand

Dementia: some common causes

DEMENTIA: Diabetes Ethanol Medication Environmental (eg CO poisoning) Nutritional Trauma Infection Alzheimer's Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Vertigo: differential

VOMITS: Vestibulitis Ototoxic drugs Meniere's disease Injury Tumor Spin (benign positional vertigo) Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. J.G. Norris

Ramsay-Hunt syndrome: cause and common feature

"Ramsay Hunt": · Etiology: Reactivated Herpes zoster · Complication: Reduced Hearing Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Stroke risk factors

HEADS: Hypertension/ Hyperlipidemia Elderly Atrial fib Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs (cocaine) Smoking/ Sex (male) Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Multiple sclerosis (MS): epidemiology

MS is a feminine title (Ms.) and is female predominant. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Neuropathy: diagnosis confirmation

NEuropathy: Nerve conduction velocity Electromyography Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi

Battle sign

BattlE: Behind Ear Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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Neurofibromatosis: diagnostic criteria

ROLANDO: Relative (1st degree) Osseous fibromas Lisch nodules in eyes Axillary freckling Neurofibromas Dime size cafe au lait spots Optic gliomas Show Details / Rate It ---Balraj Jhawar The University of Western Ontario

Proximal myopathy: differential

PEACH PODS: Polymyositis Endocrine: hyper, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly Alcohol Carcinoma HIV infection Periodic hypokalemic paralysis Osteomalacia Drugs: steroids, statins Sarcoidosis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Dementia: reversible dementia causes

DEMENTIA: Drugs/ Depression Elderly Multi-infarct/ Medication Environmental Nutritional Toxins Ischemia Alcohol Show Details / Rate It ---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

Stroke: young patient's likely causes

7 C's: Cocaine Consanguinity [familial such as neurofibromatosis and von Hippel-Lindau] Cancer Cardiogenic embol hyperCoagulation CNS infection [eg: HIV conditions] Congenital arterial lesion Show Details / Rate It ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, N.Y.

Encephalitis: differential

HE'S LATIN AMERICAN: Herpesviridae Enteroviridae (esp. Polio) Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions) Syphilis Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis Aspergillus Toxoplasmosis Intracranial pressure Neisseria meningitidis Arboviridae Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor E. coli Rabies/ Rubella Idiopathic Cryptococcus/ Candida Abscess Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis · Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin American immigrant patient unless proven otherwise. Show Details / Rate It ---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, NY

Head trauma: rapid neuro exam

· 12 P's: Psychological (mental) status Pupils: size, symmetry, reaction Paired ocular movememts Papilloedema Pressure (BP, increased ICP) Pulse and rate Paralysis, Paresis Pyramidal signs Pin prick sensory response Pee (incontinent) Patellar relex (and others) Ptosis · Reevaluate patient every 8 hrs. Show Details / Rate It ---Ernest Boiselier, MD and Sung Kim Attending physician, ISSSTE, Juarez, Mexico

Neurofibromatosis: diagnositic criteria (type-1)

CAFE SPOT: Cafe-au-lait spots Axillary, inguinal freckling Fibroma Eye: lisch nodules Skeletal (bowing leg, etc) Pedigree/ Positive family history Optic Tumor (glioma) Show Details / Rate It ---Hui-quan Zhao Children's Hospital Cincinnati

Pupillary dilatation (persistent): causes

3AM: 3rd nerve palsy Anti-muscarinic eye drops (eg to facilitate fundoscopy) Myotonic pupil (Holmes Adie pupil): most commonly in young women, with absent/delayed reaction to light and convergence, and of no pathological significance. Show Details / Rate It ---Gajan Rajeswaran Final Year Medical Student, Imperial College School Of Medicine, London

Ocular bobbing vs. dipping

"Breakfast is fast, Dinner is slow, both go down": Bobbing is fast. Dipping is slow. In both, the initial movement is down. Show Details / Rate It ---Parameswaran Doctor

Huntington's: chromosome, involvement

HUNT 4 DATE: HUNTington's on chromosome 4, with cauDATE nucleus involvement. Show Details / Rate It ---Syed Medical doctor

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Dementia: treatable causes

DEMENTIA: Drug toxicity Emotional (depression, anxiety, OCD, etc.) Metabolic (electrolytes, liver dz, kidney dz, COPD) Eyes/ Ears (peripheral sensory restrictions) Nutrition (vitamin, iron deficiencies/ NPH [Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus] Tumors/ Trauma (including chronic subdural hematoma) Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, syphilis) Arteriosclerosis and other vascular disease Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Bill Lynch, originated by Dr. Jerome Yesavage Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Whipple's disease: features [for neurologists]

A WHIPPLES DOOM Arthralgias Whipplei (organism) Hypothalamic involvement Intestinal involvement/ Intestinal biopsy required PAS positive macrophages PCR positivity Lymphadenopathy Extrapyramidal involvement Septran treat with Dementia Ocular abnormalities (vertical gaze palsy) Oculomasticatory myorhythmia Myoclonus Show Details / Rate It ---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Congenital myopathy: features

DREAMS: Dominantly inherited, mostly Reflexes decreased Enzymes normal Apathetic floppy baby Milestones delayed Skeletal abnormalities Show Details / Rate It ---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Chorea: common causes

St. VITUS'S DANCE: Sydenhams Vascular Increased RBC's (polycythemia) Toxins: CO, Mg, Hg Uremia SLE Senile chorea Drugs APLA syndrome Neurodegenerative conditions: HD, neuroacanthocytosis, DRPLA Conception related: pregnancy, OCP's Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, hypo-, hyperglycemia Show Details / Rate It ---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Status epilepticus: treatment

"Thank Goodness All Cerebral Bursts Dissipate": Thiamine Glucose Ativan Cerebyx Barbiturate Diprivan Show Details / Rate It ---J.D. Broughton, MD

Balint's syndrome

SOOT: Simultagnosia Optic ataxia Ocular apraxia Tunnel vision Show Details / Rate It ---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Visual loss: persistent bilateral sudden onset visual loss differential

FLOP: Functional Leber's hereditary neuropathy Occipital infarctions Pituitary apoplexy Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Perinaud's syndrome: clinical features

PERINAUD'S: Pseudo 6th nerve palsy/ Penial region Eyelid Retraction Internuclear ophthalmoplegia Nystagmus Accomodation reflex present Upward gaze palsy Defective convergence/ Decerebrate rigidity Skew deviation Show Details / Rate It ---Ram Mohan Svrr Tirupathi AP India

Benidict's syndrome: site affected

Benidict's test for sugar gives red precipitate. Similarly, Benidict's syndrome affects red nucleus. Show Details / Rate It ---Ram Mohan Svrr Tirupathi AP India

Stroke: basic work up

The 3 P's: Pump Pipes Plasma Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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Alzheimer's disease: progressive phases

ABCD: Amnesic phase (forgetting keys, leaving cooker on) Behavioural problems (antisocial, wandering) Cortical phase (incontinence, falls) Decerebrate phase (return of primitive reflexes) Show Details / Rate It ---Paul Aron University of Birmingham Medical School

Hydrocephalus: Normal pressure hydrocephalus DDx

3 W's: Wet: urinary incontinence Wobbly: gait abnormality Wacky: dementia, memory problems Show Details / Rate It ---Class of 2005 University of Florida College of Medicine

Cerebellar signs

PINARD'S: Past pointing Intention tremor Nystagmus Ataxia Rebound Dysdiadokinesia Slurred speech [Note: If you haven't done Obs yet, a Pinard's is for listening to a baby's heart on mother's abdomen] Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Brian Egan University College Galway

Multiple sclerosis: signs and symptoms

INSULAR: Intention tremor Nystagmus Slurred speech Uthoff's phenomenon Lhermitte's sign Ataxia Rebound Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Brian Egan University College Galway

Neuroscience

Branchial arches: cranial nerve innervation

In Sensory/Motor/Both mnemonic 'Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More', the B's also give Brancial arch nerves in order: But (CN 5): 1st arch Brother (CN7): 2nd arch Big (CN9): 3rd arch Boobs (CN 10): 4th arch Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Temporal lobe: location of high vs. low frequency recognition

The bass clef looks like an ear. Therefore, the bass clef [low frequency] is closer to the ear, and the treble clef [high frequency] is more medial. See diagram. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Cranial nerves: olfactory and optic numbers

"You have two eyes and one nose": Optic nerve is cranial nerve two. Olfactory nerve is cranial nerve one. · Alternatively, note alphabetical order: oLfactory, and oPtic. Show Details / Rate It ---Rajael Somaskanthan Medical student, Royal Free and UCL Medical School

Cranial nerves

"On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops": · In order from 1 to 12: Olfactory Optic Occulomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Auditory [or Vestibulocochlear] Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory [or Spinal root of the accessory] Hypoglossal · Alternatively:"Oh! Oh! Oh! To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina, Ah! Heaven!". · Alternatively: "Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens". Show Details / Rate It ---Anurag Gupta Dept of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia

Ventricle aperatures: converting the two nomenclature types

Magendie foramen is the Medial aperture. Luschka foramen is the Lateral aperture. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Basal ganglia: indirect vs. direct pathway

The Indirect pathway Inhibits. Direct pathway is hence the excitatory one. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

CSF circulation: function of choroid vs. arachnoid granules

Choroid Creates CSF. Arachnoid granules Absorb CSF. Show Details / Rate It ---Jason Galarneau Flinders University, Australia

GABA vs. Glu: the excitatory vs. inhibitory transmitter in brain (eg in basal ganglia)

When you Glue two things together, you add (+) those things together, therefore Glu is the excitatory one (+). GABA is therefore the negative one. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Pituitary: which half is the adenohypophysis

The Anterior pituitary is the Adenohypophysis. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Broca's vs. Wernick's area: effect of damage to speech center

"Broca": your speech machinery is Broken. · Broca is wanting to speak, but articulation doesn't work, and very slow. "Wer-nick": "were" and "nick" are both words of English language, but together they are nonsensical. · Wernick is having good articulation, but saying words that don't make sense together. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

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Argyll-Robertson Pupil features

Look at the math signs around the two parts of the name: A-R. The A has no sign in front, which in math means +A (+ Accommodate). There is a subtract sign in front of the R (- React). Therefore, pupil can accommodate, but can't react. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Spinal cord: converting ventral/ anterior/ motor/ efferent and dorsal/ posterior/ sensory/ afferent

A limousine: The motor of limo is ventral and anterior on the car. The Aerial is sensory and on the dorsal and posterior of the limo. · Note 1: 'A' is Afferent, and also, in a limo, the aerial on the top of the trunk has a capital 'A' shape. · Note 2: An aerial is a sensory thing: picks up radio waves. · Note 3: If picked a limo up in your hand, can only see motor on ventral, since dorsal is covered by the hood/bonnet. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Optic chiasma: what it looks like if you're a genetics star

The optic chiasma looks the same as a chiasma in meiosis, making it easy to spot on the dissected brain. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic function

Sympathetic nervous system: "Fight or Flight". Parasympathetic nervous system: "Rest and Digest". Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

"Syringes Help Men On Drugs": Serotonin Histamine Muscarinic Opioids Dopamine Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebellar damage symptoms

VANISHeD: Vertigo Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Slurred speech Hypotonic reflexes Dysdiadochokinesia. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Hypothalamus: feeding vs.satiety center

"Late night snack": LATEral is snacking [feeding] center. Therefore, ventromedial is satiety center. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Spinal tracts: simplified geography

2 posterior: cross at the medulla. 2 lateral: ipsilateral (same side). 2 anterior: cross at the spinal level. · See diagram. · Note 1: Descending tracts on left of figure, ascending tracts on right. · Note 2: For ipsilaterals: one never crosses, one crosses at the level then doubles back farther up. The ipsilateral that crosses at the level (ventral spinocerebellar) is the ipsilateral closest to the 2 anterior ones, which also cross at the level. · Tract names in each group: Posterior 2: lateral corticalspinal, dorsal columns. Lateral 2: dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar. Anterior 2: ventral corticospinal, spinothalamic. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs

Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs. By default, Fasciculus Cuneatus must be for upper limbs. Show Details / Rate It ---Jason Galarneau Flinders University

Precentral vs. postcentral gyrus: motor vs. sensory

Just an extension of the rule that anterior = ventral = efferent = motor. The precentral gyrus is on the anterior side of the brain, so is therefore motor. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

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Geniculate bodies: medial vs. lateral system

MALE: Medial=Auditory. Lateral=Eye. Medial geniculate body is for auditory system, lateral geniculate body is for visual system. Can expand to MALES to remember Lateral=Eye=Superior colliculus (thus medial is inferior colliculus by default). Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Purkinje cells in cerebellum are inhibitory to deep nuclei

Shape of a purkinje cell in 3 dimensions is same as a policeman's hand saying "Stop". Therefore, purkinje cells are inhibitory. · See diagram. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Dysphagia vs. dysphasia

DysphaSia is for Speech DysphaGia is for your Gut [swallowing]. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Hypothalamus: feeding vs. satiety center

"Stim the lat, get fat": · Stimulating lateral increases hunger. "Stim the ven, get thin": · Stimulating ventromedial increases satiety. Show Details / Rate It ---Ryan Hendren University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Argyll-Robertson Pupil features

Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP) Read it from front to back: it is ARP, standing for Accomodation Reflex Present. Read it from back to front: it is PRA, standing for Pupillary Reflex Absent. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebellar deep nuclei

"Ladies Demand Exceptional Generosity From Men": · The 4 nuclei, from lateral to medial: [Lateral] Dentate Emboliform Globose Fastigial [Medial] Show Details / Rate It ---Nick Loman St. Bart's/Royal London

Dorsal= afferent, Ventral= efferent and their functions

"My friend DAVE got kicked in the behind and screamed": Dorsal/Afferent component is the sensation of pain coming from the rear. Ventral/Efferent component is the motor action of screaming (which is done at front of body). Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cranial nerves [for those under stress]

"Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final A Good Vacation Seems Heavenly": Olfactory Optic Occulomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Auditory Glossopharyngeal Vagus Spinal root of the accessory Hypoglossal Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebellar damage signs

DASHING: Dysdiadochokinesia Ataxia Speech Hypotonia Intention tremor Nystagmus Gait Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Hypothalamus: general functions

"TALE of the hypothalamus": Temperature Appetite Libido Emotion Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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Coronal section of brain: structures

"In Extreme Conditions Eat People's Guts Instead of Their Hearts": · From insula to midline: Insula Extreme capsule Claustrum External capsule Putamen Globis pallidus Internal capsule Thalamus Hypothalamus Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cranial nerves: sensory, motor or both [1950s style]

"Some Say Marilyn Monroe But My Brother Says Bridget Bardot Mmm, Mmm!": · From I to XII: Sensory Sensory Motor Motor Both Motor Both Sensory Both Both Motor Motor Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cranial nerves

"One Octopus Offered Two Toddlers And Five Virgins Great Valium And Hash": Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial V>estibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accesory Hypoglossal Show Details / Rate It ---Whit Fisher Georgetown Med

Cranial nerves [for those with a vegetable fetish]

"Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, Ah Heaven!": Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accesory Hypoglossal Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Thirst/water balance control centre: location in hypothalamus

"You look up (supra...optic) at the clouds, to check if it's going to rain (water)": Therefore, water balance is in supraoptic nucleus. Show Details / Rate It ---Zeiad Fakhouri

Geniculate bodies: medial vs. lateral system

"Lateral=Light. Medial=Music.": Lateral geniculate body is for visual system. Medial geniculate is for auditory system. Show Details / Rate It ---Matt Morgan University of Utah School of Medicine

Cranial nerves

"Old Opticians Operate To Try Adding Fortune And Getting Vegas Another Hotel!": · In order from 1 to 12: Olfactory Optic Occulomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Auditory Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Show Details / Rate It ---Melissa Student in California

Cranial nerves [for political Americans]

"Our Oval Office Tomorrow Teeters As Florida Adds George Versus Al's Handcounts": Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducent Facial Acoustic Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal Show Details / Rate It ---Chris Teng SUNY-HSCB Downstate College of Medicine, [Annual SUNY CN Contest Winner, 2000]

Cerebellar deep nuclei

"Fat Girls Eat Doritos": · From medial to lateral: Fastigial Globose Emboliform Dentate Show Details / Rate It ---

Cerebellar peduncles: afferent vs efferent

SEMA: Superior cerebellar peduncle Efferent (fibres) Middle cerebellar peduncle Afferent (fibres) Show Details / Rate It ---Durre Dow Medical College, Pakistan

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Geniculate bodies: paired to respective colliculi

SLIM: Superior colliculi: Lateral geniculate body. Inferior colliculi: Medial geniculate body. Show Details / Rate It ---Durre Dow Medical College, Pakistan

Cerebellar damage signs

DANISH: Dysdiadochokinesis Ataxia Nystagmus Intention tremor Slurred speech Hypotonia Show Details / Rate It ---Grant Wilde and Kristian Mears University of Leicester and University of Nottingham, UK

Cerebellar functional areas

Anatomical shape/location of cerebellar areas is a key to their function and related tract. · Vermis = Spinocerebellar = Axial equilibrium. Vermis: right down the axis of cerebellum, and vertically segmented like a spinal column. · Flocculonodular lobe = Vestibulocerebellar = Ear, eye, body coordination. Flocculonodular lobe: flares out to the edges, just like ears. · Hemispheres of cerebellum = Cerebrocerebellar = Peripheral coordination. Hemispheres: around periphery of cerebellum, and tract to cerebral hemispheres. Show Details / Rate It ---Neil Bratney, M1 U. Nebraska Med Ctr

Auditory pathway: mandatory stops

"Come In My Baritone": Cochlear nucleus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate nucleus Brodmann's 41 (cortex) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

Olivary nuclei: ear vs. eye roles

Superior Olivary nucleus: SOund localization. · Inferior olivary nucleus is therefore the one for sight [tactile, proprioception also]. Show Details / Rate It ---Miruna Segarceanu UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania

Geniculocalcarine tract

Lower bank of calcarine sulcus is the Lingual gyrus: it receives input from Lower retinal quadrants. Therefore, Cuneus is the Upper bank of calcarine sulcus: it receives input from Upper retinal quadrants. · Remember: lower retinal quadrants represent superior visual field quadrants and viceversa. Show Details / Rate It ---Miruna Segarceanu UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania

Basal ganglia: D1 vs. D2 connections

D1 has 1 connection (Striatum-GPi/SNpr). D2 has 2 connections (Striatum-GPe-GPi/SNpr). Show Details / Rate It ---Christina Billcliffe Oxford University Medical School

Meninges: layers in order

PAD: Piamater Arachnoid Dura Show Details / Rate It ---Mohammed Azizuddin Ahmed Indian Medical Council

Parkinson's disease: signs and symptoms

SMART: Shuffling gait Mask-like facies Akinesia Rigidity Tremor Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Alzheimer's disease: common characteristics

ALZHEIMER'S: Anterograde amnesia is usually first sign Life expectancy increase shows more cases in recent years Zapped (loss of) acetylcholinergic neurons Hereditary disease Entire hippocampus becomes affected Identified by neurofibrillary tangles Mutation in amyloid genes associated w/ disease Entorhinal areas degenerate first Retrograde amnesia ultimaltely develops Senile plaques are formed at synapse Show Details / Rate It ---David H. Chafey Ponce School of Medicine

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Afferent vs. efferent neurons

Afferent = Arrive Efferent = Exit Show Details / Rate It ---Scott B. Phillips UC Medical College

Dysphasia: Broca's vs. Wernicke's causing expressive vs. receptive

BEWARE: Broca's area: Expressive dysphasia. Wernicke's Area: REceptive dysphasia. Show Details / Rate It ---Tosan Okoro LWMS

Obgyn

Oral contraceptive complications: warning signs

ACHES: Abdominal pain Chest pain Headache (severe) Eye (blurred vision) Sharp leg pain Show Details / Rate It ---Carrie Davis, RNC, MSN, WHNP Obici Health System

Abdominal pain: causes during pregnancy

LARA CROFT: Labour Abruption of placenta Rupture (eg. ectopic/ uterus) Abortion Cholestasis Rectus sheath haematoma Ovarian tumour Fibroids Torsion of uterus Show Details / Rate It ---Graeme Little University College London

Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH): causes

4 'T's: Tissue (retained placenta) Tone (uterine atony) Trauma (traumatic delivery, episiotomy) Thrombin (coagulation disorders, DIC) Show Details / Rate It ---Nicholas Kelly

Ovarian cancer: risk factors

"Blue FILM": Breast cancer Family history Infertility Low parity Mumps Show Details / Rate It ---Sung H. Kim

Prenatal care questions

ABCDE: Amniotic fluid leakage? Bleeding vaginally? Contractions? Dysuria? Edema? Fetal movement? Show Details / Rate It ---Jason Bermak UC Irvine

Forceps: indications for use

FORCEPS: Fully dilated cervix 0 ["Zero"] CPD Ruptured membranes Cephalic or at least deliverable presentation/ Contracting uterus Episiotomy done/ Epidural done P!ss and S#!t (bladder and bowel empty) Show Details / Rate It ---Simon Holliday St. George's Hospital Medical School, UK

Asherman syndrome features

ASHERMAN: Acquired Anomaly Secondary to Surgery Hysterosalpingography confirms diagnosis Endometrial damage/ Eugonadotropic Repeated uterine trauma Missed Menses Adhesions Normal estrogen and progesterone Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Vaginal pH

Vagina has 4 labia and normal pH of vagina is about 4. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Gestation period, oocytes, vaginal pH, menstrual cycle: normal numbers

4 is the normal pH of the vagina. 40 weeks is the normal gestation period. 400 oocytes released between menarche and menopause. 400,000 oocytes present at puberty. 28 days in a normal menstrual cycle. 280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a normal gestation period. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

CVS and amniocentesis: when performed

"Chorionic" has 9 letters and Chorionic villus sampling performed at 9 weeks gestation. "AlphaFetoProtein" has 16 letters and it's measured at 16 weeks gestation. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

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Spontaneous abortion: definition

"Spontaneous abortion" has less than 20 letters [it's exactly 19 letters]. Spontaneous abortion is defined as delivery or loss of products of conception at less than 20 weeks gestation. Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi

Female pelvis: shapes

GAP: · In order from most to least common: Gynecoid Android /Anthropoid Platypelloid Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): complications

I FACE PID: Infertility Fitz-Hugh-Curitis syndrome Abscesses Chronic pelvic pain Ectopic pregnancy Peritonitis Intestinal obstruction Disseminated: sepsis, endocarditis, arthritis, meninigitis Show Details / Rate It ---Lum

B-agonist tocolytic (C/I or warning)

ABCDE: Angina (Heart disease) BP high Chorioamnionitis Diabetes Excessive bleeding Show Details / Rate It ---Lum

Secondary amenorrhea: causes

SOAP: Stress OCP Anorexia Pregnancy Show Details / Rate It ---Nathan Sachdev University of New South Wales, Sydney

Post-partum haemmorrage (PPH): risk factors

PARTUM: Polyhydroamnios/ Prolonged labour/ Previous cesarian APH/ ANTH Recent bleeding history Twins Uterine fibroids Multiparity Show Details / Rate It ---Nathan Sachdev University of New South Wales, Sydney

Fetus: cardinal movements of fetus

"Don't Forget I Enjoy Really Expensive Equipment": Descent Flexion Interal rotation Extension Restitution External rotation Expulsion Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Parity abbreviations (ie: G 3, P 2012)

"To Peace And Love": T: of Term pregnancies P: of Premature births A: of Abortions (spontaneous or elective) L: of Live births · Describes the outcomes of the total number of pregnancies (Gravida). Show Details / Rate It ---Megan Duffy Medical student, AZCOM

Preeclampsia: classic triad

PREeclampsia: Proteinuria Rising blood pressure Edema Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Alpha-fetoprotein: some major causes for increased maternal serum AFP during pregnancy

TOLD: Testicular tumours Obituary (fetal death) Liver: hepatomas Defects (neural tube defects) Show Details / Rate It ---Isae Kilonzo University College Cork, Ireland

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Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): 3 major causes

DUB: Don't ovulate (anovulation: 90% of cases) Unusual corpus leuteum activity (prolonged or insufficient) Birth control pills (since increases progesterone-estrogen ratio) Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan

IUGR: causes

IUGR: Inherited: chromosomal and genetic disorders Uterus: placental insufficency General: maternal malnutrition, smoking Rubella and other congenital infecton Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

Early cord clamping: indications

RAPID CS: Rh incompatibility Asphyxia Premature delivery Infections Diabetic mother CS (caesarian section) previously, so the funda is RAPID CS Show Details / Rate It ---Rajeev and Ashish Doctors, RNTMC, UDP

Oral contraceptives: side effects

CONTRACEPTIVES: Cholestatic jaundice Oedema (corneal) Nasal congestion Thyroid dysfunction Raised BP Acne/ Alopecia/ Anaemia Cerebrovascular disease Elevated blood sugar Porphyria/ Pigmentation/ Pancreatitis Thromboembolism Intracranial hypertension Vomiting (progesterone only) Erythema nodosum/ Extrapyramidal effects Sensitivity to light Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): causes, effects

"PID CAN be EPIC": · Causes: Chlamydia trachomatis Actinomycetes Neisseria gonorrhoeae · Effects: Ectopic Pregnancy Infertility Chronic pain Show Details / Rate It ---Scott Alexander Loma Linda University SOM

RLQ pain: brief female differential

AEIOU: Appendicitis/ Abscess Ectopic pregnancy/ Endometriosis Inflammatory disease (pelvic)/ IBD Ovarian cyst (rupture, torsion) Uteric colic/ Urinary stones Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Forceps: indications for delivery

FORCEPS: Foetus alive Os dilated Ruptured membrane Cervix taken up Engagement of head Presentation suitable Sagittal suture in AP diameter of inlet Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Delivery: instrumental delivery prerequisites

AABBCCDDEE: Analgesia Antisepsis Bowel empty Bladder empty Cephalic presentation Consent Dilated cervix Disproportion (no CPD) Engaged Episiotomy Show Details / Rate It ---Harold Choi Medical student in Singapore

APGAR score components

SHIRT: Skin color: blue or pink Heart rate: below 100 or over 100 Irritability (response to stimulation): none, grimace or cry Respirations: irregular or good Tone (muscle): some flexion or active Show Details / Rate It ---Kimberly Scott Medical College of Virginia

Postpartum collapse: causes

HEPARINS: Hemorrhage Eclampsia Pulmonary embolism Amniotic fluid embolism Regional anaethetic complications Infarction (MI) Neurogenic shock Septic shock Show Details / Rate It ---Hossam Elzeiny Trainee, Royal Womens Hospital, Victoria, Australia

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Multiple pregnancy complications

HI, PAPA: Hydramnios (Poly) IUGR Preterm labour Antepartum haemorrhage Pre-eclampsia Abortion Show Details / Rate It ---Ashley Liew University of Glasgow, UK

Omental caking: likeliest cause

Omental CAking = Ovarian CA · "Omental caking" is term for ascities, plus a fixed upper abdominal and pelvic mass. Almost always signifies ovarian cancer. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

IUD: side effects

PAINS: Period that is late Abdominal cramps Increase in body temperature Noticeable vaginal discharge Spotting Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Labour: preterm labor causes

DISEASE: Dehydration Infection Sex Exercise (strenuous) Activities Stress Environmental factor (job, etc) Show Details / Rate It ---Alycia Ernst Banner Health AZ

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): first line treatment

Treat PCOS with OCP's (oral contraceptive pills). Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Antepartum hemorrhage (APH): major differential

APH: Abruptio placentae Placenta previa Hemorrhage from the GU tract Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Miscarriage: recurrent miscarriage causes

RIBCAGE: Radiation Immune reaction Bugs (infection) Cervical incompetence Anatomical anomaly (uterine septum etc.) Genetic (aneuploidy, balanced translocation etc.) Endocrine Show Details / Rate It ---Jonty Kay Medical Student, University of Cape Town

Shoulder dystocia: management

HELPER: Call for Help Episiotomy Legs up [McRoberts position] Pressure subrapubically [not on fundus] Enter vagina for shoulder rotation Reach for posterior shoulder and deliver posterior shoulder/ Return head into vagina [Zavanelli maneuver] for C-section/ Rupture clavicle or pubic symphisis Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor Memorial University Newfoundland, Canada Family Medicine Residency

Ortho

Bone fracture types [for Star Wars fans]

GO C3PO: Greenstick Open Complete/ Closed/ Comminuted Partial Others · Note: C3P0 is droid in the Star-Wars movies. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pagets disease of bone: signs and symptoms

PANICS: Pain Arthralgia Nerve compression / Neural deafness Increased bone density Cardiac failure Skull / Sclerotic vertebrae Show Details / Rate It ---Andrew Young UMDS

Fracture: how to describe

PLASTER OF PARIS: Plane Location Articular cartilage involvement Simple or comminuted Type (eg Colles') Extent Reason Open or closed Foreign bodies disPlacement Angulation Rotation Impaction Shortening Show Details / Rate It ---Fletcher Davies Adelaide Medical School

Forearm fractures: bone in Monteggia vs. Galeazzi

Monteggia is fracture of ulna. Therefore, Galeazzi is fracture of radius. Show Details / Rate It ---Dr R. Coleman Junior House Officer

Salter Harris fracture classification

Salter Harris, modified to SALTR: type 1: Slipped epiphysis type 2: Above the eiphyseal plate type 3: Lower than the eiphyseal plate type 4: Through both above and below eiphyseal plate type 5: Raised epiphysis, as in a compression injury · Salter Harris classification utilises visualising long bone distal portion with diaphysis superiorly placed and epiphysis inferiorly placed. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Carpal tunnel syndrome: treatment

WRIST: Wear splints at night Rest Inject steroid Surgical decompression Take diuretics Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Monoarthritis differential

GHOST: Gout Haemarthrosis Osteoarthritis Sepsis Trauma Show Details / Rate It ---Polly Weston Bristol University Med School

Bryant's traction: position

BrYant's traction: Bent Y. · Patient's body is the stem of the Y laying on the bed, and legs are the ends of the Y up in the air. Show Details / Rate It ---Kayle Luther

Osteosarcoma: risk factors

PRIMARY: Paget's Radiation Infaction of bone Male Alcohol, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle [adults only] Retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome Young [10-20 yrs] · Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone. Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Sacroiliitis: causes

PUB CAR: Psoriasis Ulcerative colitis Behcet's disease Crohn's disease Ankylosing spondylitis Reiter's disease Show Details / Rate It ---Chris Brewer University of Birmingham Medical School

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Fracture: description

BLT LARD: Bone Location on bone Type of fracture Lengthening Angulation Rotation Displacement Show Details / Rate It ---Brian Crownover Staff Family Physician, Offutt AFB, Nebraska

Nonunion of bones: differential

You need a SPLINT: Soft tissue interposition Position of reduction (too much traction, immobilization, or movement) Location (eg. lower third of tibia slow to heal) Infection Nutritional (damaged vessels or diseased bone) Tumor (pathological fracture) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Joints classification, by amount of allowed movement at joint

SAD: Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses Show Details / Rate It ---C. K-Murphy

Fracture: describing (short version)

DOCTOR: Displaced vs. non-displaced Open vs. closed Complete vs. incomplete Transverse fracture vs. linear fracture Open Reduction vs. closed reduction Show Details / Rate It ---C. K-Murphy

Peds

Measles: complications

"MEASLES COMP" (complications): Myocarditis Encephalitis Appendicitis Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis Laryngitis Early death Sh!ts (diarrhoea) Corneal ulcer Otis media Mesenteric lymphadenitis Pneumonia and related (bronchiolitis-bronchitis-croup) Show Details / Rate It ---Joshua Goh Unimas: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Sturge-Weber syndrome: hallmark features

Sturge-Weber: 1. Seizures 2. PortWine stain Show Details / Rate It ---Ramon Salazar

Guthrie card: diseases identified with it

"Guthrie Cards Can Help Predict Bad Metabolism": Galactosaemia Cystic fibrosis Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Hypothyroidism Phenylketonuria Biotidinase deficiency Maple syrup urine disease Show Details / Rate It ---Logan Mitchell Dunedin Medical School, New Zealand

Croup: symptoms

3 S's: Stridor Subglottic swelling Seal-bark cough Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT): common sign

AT: Absent Thymus Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebral palsy (CP): most likely cause

CP: Cerebral Palsy Child Premature · The premature brain is more prone to all the possible insults. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Vacterl syndrome: components

VACTERL: Vertebral anomalies Anorectal malformation Cardiac anomaly Tracheo-esophageal fistula Exomphalos (aka omphalocele) Renal anomalies Limb anomalies Show Details / Rate It ---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer, Pediatric surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

Guthrie card: diseases identified with it

GUTHRIE: Galactosaemia Urine [maple syrup urine disease] THyRoid [hypothyroidism] Inborn Errors of metabolism [eg: PKU] Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Duodenal atresia vs. Pyloric stenosis: site of obstruction

Duodenal Atresia: Distal to Ampulla of vater. Pyloric stenosis: Proximal to it. Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi

Bilirubin: phototherapy

BiLirUbin absorbs light maximally in the BLUe range. Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital

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Williams syndrome: features

WILLIAMS: Weight (low at birth, slow to gain) Iris (stellate iris) Long philtrum Large mouth Increased Ca++ Aortic stenosis (and other stenoses) Mental retardation Swelling around eyes (periorbital puffiness) Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Russell Silver syndrome: features

ABCDEF: Asymmetric limb (hemihypertrophy) Bossing (frontal) Clinodactyly/ Cafe au lait spots Dwarf (short stature) Excretion (GU malformation) Face (triangular face, micrognathia) Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition

"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine": 1st Molar: 6 years 1st Incisor: 7 years 2nd Incisor: 8 years 1st Premolar: 9 years 2nd Premolar: 10 years Canine: 11 years 2nd Molar: 12 years 3rd Molar: 18-25 years Show Details / Rate It ---Saurabh Sikka

Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types

· Use your five fingers: 1 finger up: Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel) 2 fingers up: Dextroposition of the Great Arteries (2 vessels transposed) 3 fingers up: Tricuspid Atresia (3=Tri) 4 fingers up: Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra) 5 fingers up: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (5=5 words) Show Details / Rate It ---Jeff Simmons University of Alabama School Of Medicine

Cyanotic congenital heart diseases

5 T's: Truncus arteriosus Transposition of the great arteries Tricuspid atresia Tetrology of Fallot Total anomalous pulmonary venous return Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Head circumference with age

· Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5: Newborn 35 cm 3 mos 40 cm 9 mos 45 cm 3 yrs 50 cm 9 yrs 55 cm Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Weights of children with age

Newborn 3 kg 6 mos 6 kg (2x birth wt at 6 mos) 1 yr 10 kg (3x birth wt at 1 yr) 3 yrs 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs) 5 yrs 20 kg 7 yrs 25 kg 9 yrs 30 kg 11 yrs 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter) 13 yrs 45 kg 15 yrs 55 kg 17 yrs 65 kg Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components

"Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients": Renal failure Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic) Thrombocytopenia Encephalopathy (TTP) Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Cough (chronic): differential

When cough in nursery, rock the "CRADLE": Cystic fibrosis Rings, slings, and airway things (tracheal rings)/ Respiratory infections Aspiration (swallowing dysfunction, TE fistula, gastroesphageal reflux) Dyskinetic cilia Lung, airway, and vascular malformations (tracheomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction) Edema (heart failure) Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Cystic fibrosis: presenting signs

CF PANCREAS: Chronic cough and wheezing Failure to thrive Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea) Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration Neonatal intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps Clubbing of fingers/ Chest radiograph with characteristic changes Rectal prolapse Electrolyte elevation in sweat, salty skin Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid) Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

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Cystic fibrosis: exacerbation of pulmonary infection

CF PANCREAS: Cough (increase in intensity and frequent spells) Fever (usually low grade, unless severe bronchopneumonia is present) Pulmonary function deterioration Appetite decrease Nutrition, weight loss CBC (leukocytosis with left shift) Radiograph (increase overaeration, peribronchial thickening, mucus plugging) Exam (rales or wheezing in previously clear areas, tachypnea, retractions) Activity (decreased, impaired exercise intolerance, increased absenteeism) Sputum (becomes darker, thicker, and more abundant, forming plugs) Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Pyloric stenosis (congential): presentation

Pyloric stenosis is 3 P's: Palpable mass Paristalsis visible Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth) Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan

Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types

· 5 T's: Tetralogy of Fallot Transposition of the great arteries Truncus arteriosus Tricuspid atresia, pulmonary aTresia Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage Show Details / Rate It ---Kok Fai Kong Final year student, University of Auckland

Breast feeding: benefits

ABCDEFGH: · Infant: Allergic condition reduced Best food for infant Close relationship with mother Development of IQ, jaws, mouth · Mother: Econmical Fitness: quick return to pre-pregnancy body shape Guards against cancer: breast, ovary, uterus Hemorrhage (postpartum) reduced Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan

Perez reflex

Eliciting the PErEz reflex will make the baby PEE. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

WAGR syndrome: components

WAGR: Wilm's tumor Aniridia Gential abnormalities Mental retardation Show Details / Rate It ---Andrew J. Vasil University of Minn Medical School

Haematuria: differential in children

ABCDEFGHIJK: Anatomy (cysts, etc) Bladder (cystitis) Cancer (Wilm's tumour) Drug related (cyclophosphamide) Exercise induced Factitious (Munchausen by proxy) Glomerulonephritis Haematology (bleeding disorder, sickle cell) Infection (UTI) In Jury (trauma) Kidney stones (hypercalciuria) Show Details / Rate It ---S. Jibodh University College Dublin

Vitamin toxicities: neonatal

Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic) Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis) Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Rubella: congenital signs

"Rubber Ducky, I'm so blue!" (like the "Rubber Ducky" song): Rubber: Rubella Ducky: Patent Ductus Arteriosus, VSD and pulmonary artery stenosis. I'm: Eyes (cataracts, retinopathy, micropthalmia, glaucoma). Blue: "Blueberry Muffin" rash (extramedullary hematopoesis in skin +purpura) · Also, deafness, growth retardation, and some more. Show Details / Rate It ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Pediatric milestones in development

1 year: -single words 2 years: -2 word sentences -understands 2 step commands 3 years: -3 word combos -repeats 3 digits -rides tricycle 4 years: -draws square -counts 4 objects Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi

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Gastroschisis: usual location

GasTRoscHIsis usually occurs on the RIGHT side of the umbilicus. (Unscramble the letters). Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Milk protein: women vs. cows

Woman: Whey (mostly) Cow: Casein (mostly) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Short stature: differential

ABCDEFG: Alone (neglected infant) Bone dysplasias (rickets, scoliosis, mucopolysaccharidoses) Chromosomal (Turner's, Down's) Delayed growth Endocrine (low growth hormone, Cushing's, hypothyroid) Familial GI malabsorption (celiac, Crohn's) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Breast feeding: contraindicated drugs

BREAST: Bromocriptine/ Benzodiazepines Radioactive isotopes/ Rizatriptan Ergotamine/ Ethosuximide Amiodarone/ Amphetamines Stimulant laxatives/ Sex hormones Tetracycline/ Tretinoin Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Ibrahim Yasir Ahmed IGMH / Male Rep. of Maldives

Rheumatology

Joint pain causes

SOFTER TISSUE: Sepsis Osteoarthritis Fractures Tendon/muscle Epiphyseal Referred Tumor Ischaemia Seropositive arthritides Seronegative arthritides Urate Extra-articular rheumatism (such as polymylagia) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis

"MD SOAP 'N HAIR": Malar rash Discoid rash Serositis Oral ulcer Arthritis Photosensitivity Neurologic abnormality Hematologic abnormality ANA (+) Immunologic abnormality Renal involvement Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Asthma: treatment

ASTHMA: Adrenergics Steroids Theophylline Hydration Mask [O2 at 24%] Antibiotics Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Osteoporosis risk factors

ACCESS: Alcohol Corticosteroid Calcium low Estrogen low Smoking Sedentary lifestyle Show Details / Rate It ---Lum

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis (ARA criteria)

DAMP AS RHINO: Discoid rash ANA (+) Malar rash Photosensitivity Arthritis Serositis (pleural, pericardial) Renal involvement Hematologic abnormality Immunologic abnormality Neurologic abnormality (seizures, psychosis) Oral / nasal ulcer, Observed Show Details / Rate It ---Thomas K. Vaughan MD Madigan Army Medical Center, Washington

Henoch schonlein purpura: signs and symptoms

NAPA: Nephritis Arthritis, arthralgias Purpura, palpable (especially on buttocks and lower extremities) Abdominal pain (need to rule out intussusception) Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Arthritis: juvenile idiopathic: differential

ARTHRITIS: Anxiety Rickets and metabolic Tumor Hematological Reactive arthritis Immunological (SLE) Trauma Injury Sepsis Show Details / Rate It ---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Pakistan

Felty's syndrome: components

SANTA: Splenomegaly Anaemia Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Arthritis (rheumatoid) Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Carpal tunnel syndrome

TINel's sign: TINgling sensation after Tapping on Traumatized nerve in carpal Tunnel syndrome Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Arthritis: seronegative spondyloarthropathies

PEAR: Psoriatic arthritis Enteropathic arthritis Ankylosing sponylitis Reiter's/ Reactive Show Details / Rate It ---Dave Hassan

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Ankylosing spondylitis: extra-articular manifestations

6 A's: Atlanto-axial subluxation Anterior uveitis Apical lung fibrosis Aortic incompetence Amyloidosis (kidneys) Autoimmune bowel disease (UC) Show Details / Rate It ---Matt Smith Birmingham Medical School

Gout: drugs and foods raising uric acid levels

Drugs are FACT: Frusemide Aspirin/ Alcohol Cytotoxic drugs Thiazide diuretics Foods are SALTS: Shellfish Anchovies Liver and kidney Turkey Sardines Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Junior Doctor

Surgery

Post-operative fever causes

Six W's: Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may have pneumonia Wound: infection at surgical site Water: check IV for phlebitis Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted mobility related to pain and fatigue Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Scrotum: scrotum swelling differential

THE THEATRES: Torsion Hernia Epididymytis, orchitis Trauma Hydrocoele, varicocele, hematoma Edema Appendix testes (torsion, hemorrhage) Tumour Recurrent leukemia Epididymal cyst Syphilis, TB Show Details / Rate It ---Noam Kurtis Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv

Post-operative complications (immediate)

"Post-op PROBS": Pain Primary haemorrhage Reactionary haemorrhage Oliguria Basal atelectasis Shock/ Sepsis Show Details / Rate It ---Jacob George University of Sheffield, UK

Fistulas: conditions preventing closure

FETID: Foreign body Epithelialization Tumor Infection Distal obstruction Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Oedema causes: generalised

"HILARI IS SAVE" (Hilary): Heart failure Iatrogenic Liver causes Aldosterone increased/ ADH increased Renal cause Inadequate protein in blood (hypoalbuminaemia) · Causes for the inadequate protein in blood are: Intake Inadequate (Kwashiorkor) Secretion fro pancreas decreased (pancreatitis) Synthesis decreased (liver failure) Absorption decreased (Crohn's disease) Vomit (pyloric stenosis) Excretion increased (nephrotic) Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Medical Student '03, Hong Kong University

Oedema causes: localised

ALIVE: Allergic (angio-oedema) Lymphatic (elephantiasis) Inflammatory (infection, injury) VEnous (DVT, chronic venous insufficiency) Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Medical Student '03, Hong Kong University

GI bleeding: causes

ABCDEFGHI: Angiodysplasia Bowel cancer Colitis Diverticulitis/ Duodenal ulcer Epitaxis/ Esophageal (cancer, esophagitis, varices) Fistula (anal, aortaenteric) Gastric (cancer, ulcer, gastritis) Hemorrhoids Infectious diarrhoea/ IBD/ Ischemic bowel Show Details / Rate It ---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey HKU

Melanoma sites

"Mel SEA" (Pronounced "Mel C" from the Spice Girls) · Melanoma sites, in order of frequency: Skin Eyes Anus Show Details / Rate It ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Fistulas: conditions preventing closure

FRIEND: Foreign body Radiation Infection/ Inflammation (Crohn) Epithelialization Neoplasia Distal obstruction Show Details / Rate It ---Danny Rosin and Adam W. Beck, M.D. Unspecified and UT-Southwestern Hospital Systems

Appendicectomy: complications

WRAP IF HOT: Wound infection Respiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia) Abscess (pelvic) Portal pyemia Ileus (paralytic) Fecal fistula Hernia (r. inguinal) Obstruction (intestinal due to adhesions) Thrombus (DVT) Show Details / Rate It ---Sami Almusawa JUST

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Compartment syndrome: signs and symptoms

· 5 P's: Pain Palor P ulseless Paresethesia Pressure (increased) Show Details / Rate It ---Michelle Zetoony Medical Student 2003, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine

Oesophageal cancer risk factors

PC BASTARDS: Plummer-Vinson syndrome Coeliac disease Barrett's Alcohol Smoking Tylosis Achalasia Russia (geographical distribution) Diet Stricture Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. John Holme

Abdominal aortic aneurysm: genetic component

AAA (3 A's) is sometimes due to a defect in the gene encoding for type III procollagen. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Disease description: organization of answer

"In A Surgeon's Gown, Physicians May Make Some Clinical Progress": Incidence Age Sex Geography Predisposing factors Macroscopic appearance Microscopic appearance Spread Clinical features Prognosis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Inguinal mass: differential

"Hernias Very Much Like To Swell": Hernias (inguinal, femoral) Vascular (femoral aneurysm, sapheno varyx) Muscle (psoas abscess) Lymph nodes Testicle (ectopic, undescended) Spermatic cord (lipoma, hydrocoele) Show Details / Rate It ---Josh Brostoff University of Birmingham Med School, UK

Haematocele: etiology

3T's and 2 H's: Tumor Torsion Trauma Hydrocele as a complication Haemophilia (blood diseases) Show Details / Rate It ---Zeinab Abd El Shafy Aboud 6th year medical student, University of Alexandria, Egypt

Abdomen: inspection

5 S's: Size Shape Scars Skin lesions Stoma Show Details / Rate It ---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Varicose veins: symptoms

AEIOU: Aching Eczema Itching Oedema Ulceration/ Ugly (LDS, haemosiderin, varicosities) Show Details / Rate It ---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Swollen leg: unilateral swelling causes

TV BAIL: Trauma Venous (varicose veins, DVT, venous insufficiency) Baker's cyst Allergy Inflammation (cellulitis) Lymphoedema Show Details / Rate It ---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Ulcers: edge types

F PURE: Flat (eg venous) Punched-out (eg trophic, arterial) Undetermined (eg pressure, TB) Rolled (eg BCC) Everted (eg SCC) Show Details / Rate It ---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

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Pancreatitis: treatment

MACHINES: Monitor vital signs Analgesia/ Antibiotics Calcium gluconate (if deemed necessary) H2 receptor antagonist IV access/ IV fluids Nil by mouth Empty gastric contents Surgery if required/ Senior review Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Junior Doctor

Appendicitis: Alvarado's scoring system for diagnosis

MANTRELS: Migratory pain (1) Anorexia (1) Nausea (1) Tenderness (2) Rebound tenderness (1) Elevated temperature (1) Leucocytosis (2) Shift to left (1) · Score 3-4 = no appendicitis. Score 5-6 = doubtful. Score 7 or more = appendicitis is confirmed. Show Details / Rate It ---Angel and Dipendra Kathmandu Medical College, KTM, Nepal

Post operative order list check-up

FLAVOR: Fluids Laboratories Activity Vital signs Oral allowances Rx [medications] Show Details / Rate It ---Manuel S. Mendizabal, MD Mercy Hospital of Miami

Child-Pugh classification

"Pour Another Beer At Eleven": PT Albumin Bilirubin Ascites Encephalopathy ·Scoring (each is either 1, 2 or 3 points): PT (greater than 12 sec.): 1-3 or 4-6 or >6. Albumin: >3.5 or 2.8-3.5 or less than 2.8 Bilirubin: less than 2 or 2-3 or >3. Ascities: none or slight or moderate Encephalopathy: none or 1-2 (subjective) or 3-4 (subjective) · Interpretation: Class A: 5-6 points (candidate for surgical liver resection). Class B: 7-9 points (consider chemoembolization or RFA). Class C: 10-15 points (consider options in B or no therapy). Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Sawyer, MD Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Hawaii and Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

Hernias of Abdominal Wall

Think of the abdomen as a bucket, or PAIL that contains the viscera. These are the four groups of hernias: Pelvic hernias: obturator, perineal, sciatic Anterior hernias: epigastric, incisional, Spigelian, supravesical, umbilical Inguinal hernias: indirect, direct, femoral Lumbar hernias: inferior lumbar triangle (Petit), superior lumbar triangle (Grynfelt) Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Sawyer, MD Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Hawaii and Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

Hernias: abdominal wall: pelvic

The end products of metabolism that are released through the pelvis, are "Pee Or Stool": Perineal hernia Obturator hernia Sciatic hernia Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Sawyer, MD Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Hawaii and Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

Hernias: abdominal wall: lumbar triangles (with eponyms)

PIGS: Petit aka Inferior lumbar triangle Grynfelt aka Superior lumbar triangle Show Details / Rate It ---Michael Sawyer, MD Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Hawaii and Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii

TPN indications

"MISIPPI Burning": Major visceral injury IBD Sepsis Ileus Post-op Paralysis Intestinal fistula Burns Show Details / Rate It ---Brendan O'Daly University College Dublin

Uro

Urinary incontinence: causes of acute and reversible

DRIP: Delirium Restricted mobility/ Retention Inflammation / Infection/ Impaction [fecal] Pharmaceuticals / Polyuria · "Drip" is convenient since it is urinary incontinence, so urine only drips out. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Hematuria: differential

"S#!T": Stones/ Systemic disease (SLE)/ Structural lesions (UPJ obstruction) Hematologic disease (sickle cell, coagulopathy)/ Hypercalciuria/ Hereditary (Alport nephritis)/ HSP/ HUS Infectious and Immunologic (PSGN)/ IgA nephropathy (Berger nephritis)/ Interstitial disease (interstitial nephritis)/ Idiopathic conditions (thin glomerular basement membrane disease or benign familial hematuria) Trauma/ Tumor/ TB/ Toxins Show Details / Rate It ---Vince Yamashiroya

Nephrotic syndrome: causes for secondary nephrotic syndrome

DAVID: Diabetes mellitus Amyloidosis Vasculitis Infections Drugs Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pyelonephritis (acute): predisposing factors

SCARRIN' UP: Sex (females <40, males >40) Catheterization Age (infant, elderly) Renal lesions Reflux (vesciouteral) Immunodeficienct NIDDM, IDDM Urinary obstuction Pregnant · Acute pyelonephritis heals by scarrin' up the area (pyelonephritic scar). Show Details / Rate It ---Yazeed A.Oqaili King Saud University Medical College

Renal failure: symptoms/signs

"My Big Nob Vibrates Gently In Her Purulent Pelvis": Malaise Breathlessness Nausea Vomiting GI motility Headache Pruritis Pigmentation Show Details / Rate It ---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

Epididmyitis: bacterial causes

CENT: Chlamydia trachomatis E. coli Nisseria gonorrhoeae Tuberculos bacteria Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan, Gujrnwala

Hydronephrosis: differential

· Unilateral is PACT: Pelvic-uteric obstruction (congenital or acquired) Aberrant renal vessels Calculi Tumours of renal pelvis · Bilateral is SUPER: Stenosis of the urethra Urethral valve Prostatic enlargement Extensive bladder tumour Retro-peritoneal fibrosis Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Testicular atrophy: differential

TESTES SHRINK: Trauma Exhaustional atrophy Sequelae Too little food Elderly Semen obstruction Sex hormone therapy Hypopituitarism Radiation Inflammatory orchitis Not descended Kleinfelter's Show Details / Rate It ---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Dialysis: indications

AEIOU: Acid-base problems (severe acidosis or alkalosis) Electrolyte problems (hyperkalemia) Intoxications Overload, fluid Uremic symptoms Show Details / Rate It ---Malvinder S. Parmar, MD, FRCPC, FACP Timmins & District Hospital, Timmins, ON, Canada

Enlarged kidneys: causes

SHAPE: Sclerderma HIV nephropathy Amyloidosis Polycystic kidney disease Endocrinophathy (diabetes) Show Details / Rate It ---Dino Santoro University of Manitoba

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Polycystic kidney: genetic marker

"P" is the 16th letter of the alphabet. · Autosomal dominant Polycystic kidney disease is associated with abberation on the 16th chromosome. Show Details / Rate It ---Thomas B. Edmunds, Jr, MD Chief Resident at SUNY Stony Brook

Glomerular disease with a reduced complement level

PELICAN: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Endocarditis (sub-acute) Lupus erythematosus Idiopatic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis Cryoglobulinemia Abscess (visceral) Nephritis Show Details / Rate It ---Alexandre de Freitas Miranda Federal University of Rio de Janeiro -Brazil -RJ

Renal tubular acidosis: type with common nephrocalcinosis

The stONE (nephrocalcinosis) is common in type ONE. Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sharad Chandra Pediatrics

Urinary incontinence: differential

DIAPERS: Delirium Infection Atrophic urethritis and vaginitis Pharmaceuticals/ Psychologic Excessive urine output Restricted mobility Stool impaction Show Details / Rate It ---Cheah Soon Keat 4th year medical student, UNIMAS, Malaysia

Metabolic waste products retention: clinical features

ABCDEFGHI: Apathy/ Anorexia/ Anemia Bleeding Confusion/ Coma Dizziness Emesis/ Edema of the lung Fits Gastrointestinal bleeding Hiccups Infection Show Details / Rate It ---Seyi Kayode College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-ife, Osun State, Nigeria

Internal Medicine

Pancytopaenia differential

"All Of My Blood Has Taken Some Poison": Aplastic anaemias Overwhelming sepsis Megaloblastic anaemias Bone marrow infiltration Hypersplenism TB SLE Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Trisan W. Graham

Haematology: key numbers

3 and 4 are key in in haematology: 1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of hemoglobin. There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin. There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil. There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin. Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Back trouble causes

O, VERSALIUS (Versalius was the name of a famous physician): Osteomyelitis Vertebral fracture Extraspinal tumour Spondylolisthesis Ankylosing spondylitis Lumbar disk increase Intraspinal tumor Unhappiness Stress Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Sports injuries: course of action

RICE: Rest Ice Compression Elevation · RICE especially for fractures, sprains, muscle strains, contusions · Alternatively: I=Immobilization, C=Cold compresses. Show Details / Rate It ---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

Back pain causes

DISK MASS (since near vertebral disc): Degeneration (DJD, osteoporosis, spondylosis) Infection (UTI, PID, Pott's disease, osteomyelitis, prostatitis)/ Injury, fracture or compression fracture Spondylitis (ankylosing spondyloarthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis, Reiters, SLE) Kidney (stones, infarction, infection) Multiple myeloma/ Metastasis (from cancers of breast, kidney, lung, prostate, thyroid) Abdominal pain (referred to the back)/ Aneurysm Skin (herpes zoster)/ Strain/ Scoliosis and lordosis Slipped disk/ Spondylolisthesis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Bronchiectasis: differential

BRONCHIECTASIS: Bronchial cyst Repeated gastric acid aspiration Or due to foreign bodies Necrotizing pneumonia Chemical corrosive substances Hypogammaglobulinemia Immotile cilia syndrome Eosinophilia (pulmonary) Cystic fibrosis Tuberculosis (primary) Atopic bronchial asthma Streptococcal pneumonia In Young's syndrome Staphylococcal pneumonia Show Details / Rate It ---Benson Moses Benjamin JSS Medical College Mysore India

Sickle cell disease complications

SICKLE: Strokes/ Swelling of hands and feet/ Spleen problems Infections/ Infarctions Crises (painful, sequestration, aplastic)/ Cholelithiasis/ Chest syndrome/ Chronic hemolysis/ Cardiac problems Kidney disease Liver disease/ Lung problems Erection (priapism)/ Eye problems (retinopathy) Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

ADP: role in platelet aggregation

ADP = Aggregation from the Dense bodies of Platelets. Show Details / Rate It ---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Gynecomastia: common causes

GYNECOMASTIA: Genetic Gender disorder (Klinefelter) Young boy (pubertal)* Neonate* Estrogen Cirrhosis/ Cimetidine/ Ca Channel blockers Old age* Marijuana Alcoholism Spironolactone Tumors (Testicular & adrenal) Isoniazid/ Inhibition of testosterone Antineoplastics (Alkylating Agents)/ Antifungal(ketoconazole) · * Asterisk indicates physiologic cause. Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Lethargy, malaise causes

FATIGUED: Fat/ Food (poor diet) Anemia Tumor Infection (HIV, endocarditis) General joint or liver disease Uremia Endocrine (Addison's, myxedema) Diabetes/ Depression/ Drugs Show Details / Rate It ---The Cashman University of Queensland, Australia

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Polycythemia Rubra Vera (PRV): common symptoms

PRV: Plethora/ Pruritis Ringing in ears Visual blurriness Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Rashes: time of appearance after fever onset

"Really Sick Children Must Take No Exercise": · Number of days after fever onset that a rash will appear: 1 Day: Rubella 2 Days: Scarlet fever/ Smallpox 3 Days: Chickenpox 4 Days: Measles (and see the Koplik spots one day prior to rash) 5 Days: Typhus & rickettsia (this is variable) 6 Days: Nothing 7 Days: Enteric fever (salmonella) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor Rivka Zieff Hospital Dept. of Pediatrics, Tzfat, Israel

Anion gap metabolic acidosis: causes

A MUDPILE CAT: Alcohol Methanol Uremia Diabetic ketoacidosis Paraldehyde Iron/ Isoniazid Lactic acidosis Ethylene glycol Carbamazepine Aspirin Toluene Show Details / Rate It ---Mohamed Azim MD Pediatric Surgeon, Alexandria University, Egypt

Bronchiectasis: causes

A SICK AIRWAY: Airway lesion, chronic obstruction Sequestration Infection, inflamation Cystic fibrosis Kartagners syndrome Allergic brochopulmonary aspergilliosis Immunodeficiencies (hypogammaglobinaemia, myeloma, lymphoma) Reflux, inhalation injury William Campbell syndrome (and other congenitals) Aspiration Yellow nail syndrome/ Young syndrome Show Details / Rate It ---Mr. LW Mason 4th Year Medical Student

Alkalosis: metabolic changes in alkalosis

"Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-loss": There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia) and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state of alkalosis. Show Details / Rate It ---Ibrahim Mansoor King Edward Medical College

HbA2: concentration in normal blood

HbA2: Concentration of HbA2 is 2% in normal adult blood. Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College , Horizon Medical Institute. Pakistan

Ducket John's: major criteria

ACNES: Arthritis Carditis Nodule (subcutaneous) Erythrema marginatum Sydenham chorea Show Details / Rate It ---Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Horizon Medical Institute, Pakistan

ICU management: A to Z

A: Asepsis/ Airway B: Bed sore/ encourage Breathing/ Blood pressure C: Circulation/ encourage Coughing/ Consciousness D: Drains E: ECG F: Fluid status G: GI losses/ Gag reflex H: Head positioning/ Height I: Insensible losses J: Jugular venous pulse K: Kindness L: Limb care/ Label M: Mouth care N: Nociception/ Nutrition O: Oxygenation/ Orient the patient P: Pulse/ Peristalsis/ Physiotherapy Q: Quiet surroundings R: Respiratory rate/ Restraint S: Stress ulcer/ Suctioning T: Temperature U: Urine V: Ventilator W: Wounds/ Weight X: Xerosis Y: whY Z: Zestful care of the patient Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Hypercalcemia causes

MD PIMPS ME: Malignancy Diuretics (thiazide the main culprit) Parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism) Immobilization/ Idiopathic Megadoses of vitamins A,D Paget's disease Sarcoidosis Milk alkali syndrome Endocrine (Addison's disease, thyrotoxicosis) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Left iliac fossa: causes of pain

SUPER CLOT: Sigmoid diverticulitis Uteric colic PID Ectopic pregnancy Rectus sheath haematoma Colorectal carcinoma Left sided lower love pneumonia Ovarian cyst (rupture, torture) Threatened abortion/ Testicular torsion Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

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Respiratory disease: hand signs

CASH: Clubbing Asterixis Small muscle wasting HPOA Show Details / Rate It ---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Clubbing: respiratory causes

ABCDEF: Abcess (lung) Bronchiectasis (including CF) Cancer (lung) Decreased oxygen (hypoxia) Empyaema Fibrosing alveolitis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Pulmonary edema: treatments

MAD DOG: Morphine Aminophylline Digitalis Diuretics Oxygen GGases in blood (ABG's) Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Hypercalcemia: causes

GRIM FED: Granulomas (sarcoid, TB), Renal faliure Immobility (esp. long term) Malignancy Familial (eg familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia) Endocrine (see below for subtypes) Drugs (esp. thiazide diuretics, lithium) · Endocrine causes are PATH: Phaeochromocytoma Addison's disease Thyrotoxicosis Hyperparathyroidism Show Details / Rate It ---Steve London, England

Acute stridor: differential

ABCDEFGH: · With fever: Abscess Bacterial tracheitis Croup Diphtheria Epiglottitis · Without fever: Foreign body Gas (Toxic Gas) Hypersensitivity Show Details / Rate It ---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Hypercalcemia: differential

VITAMIN TRAPS: Vitamin A and D intoxication Immobilization Thyrotoxicosis Addison's disease/ Acidosis Milk-alkali syndrome Inflammatory disorders Neoplastic disease Thiazides, other drugs Rhabdomyolysis AIDS Paget's disease/ Parenteral nutrition/ Parathyroid disease Sarcoidosis Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

Metabolic acidosis: causes

USED CAR: Ureteroenterostomy Saline hydration Endocrinopathies (hyperparathyroid, hyperthyroid, Addison's) Diarrhea/ DKA/ Drugs Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Ammonium chloride Renal tubular acidosis · Alternatively: USED CARP, to include Parenteral nutrition/ Pancreatic fistula. Show Details / Rate It ---J.J.H. and Vince Yamashiroya Good Samaritan Hospital and Not Specified

Pulmonary edema: treatment

LMNOP: Lasix Morphine Nitrates (NTG) Oxygen Position (upright vs. flat) Show Details / Rate It ---Jeff Gilfor, M.D.

Eosinophilia: differential

NAACP: Neoplasm Allergy/ Asthma Addison's disease Collagen vascular diseases Parasites Show Details / Rate It ---Anonymous Contributor

SIADH: diagnostic sign

Syndrome of INAPPropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone: Increased Na (sodium) PP (urine) · SIADH is characterized by increased urinary sodium. Show Details / Rate It ---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital

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Thyroid storm: initial management

PCP'S: PTU - 1 gm po Corticosteroids Propranolol SSKI Show Details / Rate It ---Hugo M. Rodriguez, MD University of Virginia Roanoke-Salem Program

Renal failure (acute): management

Manage AEIOU: Anemia/ Acidosis Electrolyte and fluids Infections Other measures (eg nutrition, nausea, vomiting Uremia Show Details / Rate It ---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan

Non-gap acidosis: causes

HARD UP: Hyperalimentation Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitors) RTA Diarrhea Ureterosigmoidostomy Pancreatic fistula Show Details / Rate It ---James Reeves Emory University School of Medicine

Hemoptysis: causes

HEMOPTYSIS: Haemorrhagic diathesis Edema [LVF due to mitral stenosis] Malignancy Others [eg: vasculitis] Pulmonary vascular abnormalities Trauma Your treatment [anticoagulants] SLE Infarction in lungs Septic Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Abdominal pain: medical causes

"ABDOMENAL PANE" [abdominal pain]: Acute rheumatic fever Blood [purpura, a/c hemolytic crisis] DKA cOllagen vascular disease Migraine [abdominal migraine] Epilepsy [abdominal epilepsy] Nephron [uremia] Abdominal angina Lead Porphyria Arsenic NSAID's Enteric fever Show Details / Rate It ---Dr. Sonali Vadi