sledgehammer to crack a nut

Cardio

2008-01-29T12:24:00.003-05:00

Aortic stenosis characteristics

SAD:
Syncope
Angina
Dyspnoea
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

MI: basic management

BOOMAR:
Bed rest
Oxygen
Opiate
Monitor
Anticoagulate
Reduce clot size
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---Anonymous Contributor

ECG: left vs. right bundle block

"WiLLiaM
MaRRoW":
W pattern in V1-V2 and M pattern in V3-V6 is Left bundle block.
M pattern in V1-V2 and W in V3-V6 is Right bundle block.
· Note: consider bundle branch blocks when QRS complex is wide.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Pericarditis: causes

CARDIAC RIND:
Collagen vascular disease
Aortic aneurysm
Radiation
Drugs (such as hydralazine)
Infections
Acute renal failure
Cardiac infarction
Rheumatic fever
Injury
Neoplasms
Dressler's syndrome
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Murmurs: systolic types

SAPS:
Systolic
Aortic
Pulmonic
Stenosis
· Systolic murmurs include aortic and pulmonary stenosis.
· Similarly, it's common sense that if it is aortic and pulmonary stenosis it could also be mitral and tricusp regurgitation].
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---Anonymous Contributor

MI: signs and symptoms

PULSE:
Persistent chest pains
Upset stomach
Lightheadedness
Shortness of breath
Excessive sweating
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---Sara Nemetz

Heart compensatory mechanisms that 'save' organ blood flow during shock

"Heart SAVER":
Symphatoadrenal system
Atrial natriuretic factor
Vasopressin
Endogenous digitalis-like factor
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
· In all 5, system is activated/factor is released
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---Anonymous Contributor

Murmurs: right vs. left loudness

"RILE":
Right sided heart murmurs are louder on Inspiration.
Left sided heart murmurs are loudest on Expiration.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

ST elevation causes in ECG

ELEVATION:
Electrolytes
LBBB
Early repolarization
Ventricular hypertrophy
Aneurysm
Treatment (eg pericardiocentesis)
Injury (AMI, contusion)
Osborne waves (hypothermia)
Non-occlusive vasospasm
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---Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services

Beck's triad (cardiac tamponade)

3 D's:
Distant heart sounds
Distended jugular veins
Decreased arterial pressure
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---Anonymous Contributor

MI: therapeutic treatment

ROAMBAL:
Reassure
Oxygen
Aspirin
Morphine (diamorphine)
Beta blocker
Arthroplasty
Lignocaine
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---Anonymous Contributor

CHF: causes of exacerbation

FAILURE:
Forgot medication
Arrhythmia/ Anaemia
Ischemia/ Infarction/ Infection
Lifestyle: taken too much salt
Upregulation of CO: pregnancy, hyperthyroidism
Renal failure
Embolism: pulmonary
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---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey

Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic

PASS: Pulmonic & Aortic Stenosis=Systolic.
PAID: Pulmonic & Aortic Insufficiency=Diastolic.
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---W. Ciulla, RN, PA-C New Life Medical Clinic

Murmurs: systolic vs. diastolic

Systolic murmurs: MR AS: "MR. ASner".
Diastolic murmurs: MS AR: "MS. ARden".
· The famous people with those surnames are Mr. Ed Asner and Ms. Jane Arden.
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---Kristy Thomas, PA-C Mesquite Medical Associates, Mesquite, NV

MI: therapeutic treatment

"O BATMAN!":
Oxygen
Beta blocker
ASA
Thrombolytics (eg heparin)
Morphine
Ace prn
Nitroglycerin
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---Kristy Thomas, PA-C Mesquite Medical Associates, Mesquite, NV

Mitral stenosis (MS) vs. regurgitation (MR): epidemiology

MS is a female title (Ms.) and it is female predominant.
MR is a male title (Mr.) and it is male predominant.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Pericarditis: EKG

"PericarditiS":
PR depression in precordial leads.
ST elevation.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Jugular venous pressure (JVP) elevation: causes

HOLT: Grab Harold Holt around the neck and throw him in the ocean:
Heart failure
Obstruction of venea cava
Lymphatic enlargement - supraclavicular
Intra-Thoracic pressure increase
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---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

MI: therapeutic treatment

MONAH:
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Aspirin
Heparin
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---Anonymous Contributor

Depressed ST-segment: causes

DEPRESSED ST:
Drooping valve (MVP)
Enlargement of LV with strain
Potassium loss (hypokalemia)
Reciprocal ST- depression (in I/W AMI)
Embolism in lungs (pulmonary embolism)
Subendocardial ischemia
Subendocardial infarct
Encephalon haemorrhage (intracranial haemorrhage)
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Shock
Toxicity of digitalis, quinidine
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---Dr. Sonali V.

Murmurs: innocent murmur features

8 S's:
Soft
Systolic
Short
Sounds (S1 & S2) normal
Symptomless
Special tests normal (X-ray, EKG)
Standing/ Sitting (vary with position)
Sternal depression
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---Ziad Jaradat Jordan University School of Medicine

Murmur attributes

"IL PQRST" (person has ill PQRST heart waves):
Intensity
Location
Pitch
Quality
Radiation
Shape
Timing
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---Ghassan Abu Said 4th year Medical Student

Murmurs: locations and descriptions

"MRS A$$":
MRS: Mitral Regurgitation--Systolic
A$$: Aortic Stenosis--Systolic
· The other two murmurs, Mitral stenosis and Aortic regurgitation, are obviously diastolic.
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---Alex Gitelman SUNY Downstate

Betablockers: cardioselective betablockers

"Betablockers Acting Exclusively At Myocardium"
· Cardioselective betablockers are:
Betaxolol
Acebutelol
Esmolol
Atenolol
Metoprolol
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---Diljot Singh Bedi GMCH Chandigarh, India

Apex beat: abnormalities found on palpation, causes of impalpable

HILT:
Heaving
Impalpable
Laterally displaced
Thrusting/ Tapping
· If it is impalpable, causes are COPD:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
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---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

MI: treatment of acute MI

COAG:
Cyclomorph
Oxygen
Aspirin
Glycerol trinitrate
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---Alan Desmond Cork University Hospital

Coronary artery bypass graft: indications

DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
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---Sushant Varma Medical student, University of Sheffield, UK

Peripheral vascular insufficiency: inspection criteria

SICVD:
Symmetry of leg musculature
Integrity of skin
Color of toenails
Varicose veins
Distribution of hair
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---Jeffrey Turner Memorial University, Canada

Rheumatic fever: Revised Jones' criteria

JONES crITERIA:
· Major criteria:
Joint (arthritis)
Obvious (Cardiac)
Nodule (Rheumatic)
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
· Minor criteria:
Inflammatory cells (leukocytosis)
Temperature (fever)
ESR/CRP elevated
Raised PR interval
Itself (previous Hx of Rheumatic fever)
Arthralgia
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---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Heart murmurs

"hARD ASS MRS. MSD":
hARD: Aortic Regurg = Diastolic
ASS: Aortic Stenosis = Systolic
MRS: Mitral Regurg = Systolic
MSD: Mitral Stenosis = Diastolic
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---Jack Pasquale, MD St. George's University, School of Medicine

Mitral regurgitation

When you hear holosystolic murmurs, think "MR-THEM ARE holosystolic murmurs".
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---James Noble Emory University School of Medicine

Sino-atrial node: innervation

Sympathetic acts on Sodium channels (SS).
Parasympathetic acts on Potassium channels (PS).
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---Anonymous Contributor

Supraventricular tachycardia: treatment

ABCDE:
Adenosine
Beta-blocker
Calcium channel antagonist
Digoxin
Excitation (vagal stimulation)
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---Richard Thompson Queens University, Belfast, NI

Ventricular tachycardia: treatment

LAMB:
Lidocaine
Amiodarone
Mexiltene/ Magnesium
Beta-blocker
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---Richard Thompson Queens University, Belfast, NI

Rheumatic fever: Revised Jones criteria

JONES PEACE:
· Major criteria:
Joints: migratory
O (heart shaped) Carditis: new onset murmur
Nodules, subcutaneous: extensor surfaces
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham's chorea
· Minor criteria:
PR interval, prolonged
ESR elevated
Arthralgias
CRP elevated
Elevated temperature (fever)
· Need 2 major or 1 major and 2 minor criteria, plus evidence of recent GAS infection (throat cx, rapid antigen test, or rising strep antibody titer).
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Pulseless electrical activity: causes

PATCH MED:
Pulmonary embolus
Acidosis
Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac tamponade
Hypokalemia/ Hyperkalemia/ Hypoxia/ Hypothermia/ Hypovolemia
Myocardial infarction
Electrolyte derangements
Drugs
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---Will Anderson University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Sinus bradycardia: aetiology

"SINUS BRADICARDIA" (sinus bradycardia):
Sleep
Infections (myocarditis)
Neap thyroid (hypothyroid)
Unconsciousness (vasovagal syncope)
Subnormal temperatures (hypothermia)
Biliary obstruction
Raised CO2 (hypercapnia)
Acidosis
Deficient blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
Imbalance of electrolytes
Cushing's reflex (raised ICP)
Aging
Rx (drugs, such as high-dose atropine)
Deep anaesthesia
Ischemic heart disease
Athletes
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---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Rheumatic fever: Jones criteria

· Major criteria: CANCER:
Carditis
Arthritis
Nodules
Chorea
Erythema
Rheumatic anamnesis
· Minor criteria: CAFE PAL:
CRP increased
Arthralgia
Fever
Elevated ESR
Prolonged PR interval
Anamnesis of rheumatism
Leucocytosis
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---AAG Student

JVP: wave form

ASK ME:
Atrial contraction
Systole (ventricular contraction)
Klosure (closure) of tricusps, so atrial filling
Maximal atrial filling
Emptying of atrium
· See diagram.

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---Hafizur Rahman Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manc Medical School

Coronary artery bypass graft: indications

DUST:
Depressed ventricular function
Unstable angina
Stenosis of the left main stem
Triple vessel disease
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---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Exercise ramp ECG: contraindications

RAMP:
Recent MI
Aortic stenosis
MI in the last 7 days
Pulmonary hypertension
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---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

ECG: T wave inversion causes

INVERT:
Ischemia
Normality [esp. young, black]
Ventricular hypertrophy
Ectopic foci [eg calcified plaques]
RBBB, LBBB
Treatments [digoxin]
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Rheumatic fever: Jones major criteria

JONES:
Joints (migrating polyarthritis)
Obvious, the heart (carditis, pancarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis or valvulits)
Nodes (subcutaneous nodules)
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham's chorea
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Myocardial infarctions: treatment

INFARCTIONS:
IV access
Narcotic analgesics (eg morphine, pethidine)
Facilities for defibrillation (DF)
Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)
Rest
Converting enzyme inhibitor
Thrombolysis
IV beta blocker
Oxygen 60%
Nitrates
Stool Softeners
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---Anonymous Contributor

Atrial fibrillation: causes

PIRATES:
Pulmonary: PE, COPD
Iatrogenic
Rheumatic heart: mirtral regurgitation
Atherosclerotic: MI, CAD
Thyroid: hyperthyroid
Endocarditis
Sick sinus syndrome
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---Anonymous Contributor

Atrial fibrillation: management

ABCD:
Anti-coagulate
Beta-block to control rate
Cardiovert
Digoxin
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---Anonymous Contributor

Anti-arrythmics: for AV nodes

"Do Block AV":
Digoxin
B-blockers
Adenosine
Verapamil
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---Azira Azmi University of Otago

Murmurs: systolic

MR PV TRAPS:
Mitral
Regurgitation and
Prolaspe
VSD
Tricupsid
Regurgitation
Aortic and
Pulmonary
Stenosis
Show Details / Rate It

---Ugonna Duru Yale University School Of Medicine

Apex beat: differential for impalpable apex beat

DOPES:
Dextrocardia
Obesity
Pericarditis/ Pericardial tamponade/ Pneumothorax
Emphysema
Sinus inversus/ Student incompetence/ Scoliosis/ Skeletal abnormalities (eg pectus excavatum)
Show Details / Rate It

---Fiona Hayes and Moses Lee Tong Chsia and Dalton Boyo UWCM, Cardiff, UK and Not Specified and Medical Student

Rheumatic fever: Jones 5 major criteria

STREP:
Sydenhams chorea
Transient migratory arthritis
Rheumatic subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginatum
Pancarditis (endocarditis, myocarditis, pericarditis)
· STREP, since Rheumatic fever is caused by group A strep.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Sinus tachycardia

TACH FEVER:
Tamponade/ Thyrotoxicosis
Anemia
CHF
Hypotension
Fever
Excrutiating pain
Volume depletion
Exercise
Rx (Theo, Dopa, Epi, etc)
Show Details / Rate It

---Andrew Mackie, PA Rhode Island Hospital

CHF: causes of exacerbation

A SMITH PEAR:
Anemia
Salt/ Stress/ Stopping meds
MI
Infection/ Ischemia
Thyroid (high/low)
HTN
Pericarditis
Endocarditis (valve disease)
Arrhythmia
Rx (beta blocker, etc)
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---Andrew Mackie, PA Rhode Island Hospital

Murmurs: louder with inspiration vs expiration

LEft sided murmurs louder with Expiration
RIght sided murmurs louder with Inspiration.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Murmurs: questions to ask

SCRIPT:
Site
Character (eg harsh, soft, blowing)
Radiation
Intensity
Pitch
Timing
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---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Aortic regurgitation: causes

CREAM:
Congenital
Rheumatic damage
Endocarditis
Aortic dissection/ Aortic root dilatation
Marfan's
Show Details / Rate It

---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Heart failure: signs

TAPED TORCH:
Tachycardia
Ascites
Pulsus alternans
Elevated jugular venous pressure
Displaced apex beat
Third heart sound
Oedema
Right ventricular heave
Crepitations or wheeze
Hepatomegaly (tender)
Show Details / Rate It

---Sandeep Samrat Sharma Armed Forces Medical College

CHF: Left-sided systolic failure signs and symptoms

"Left Systolic Failure Can Have Dialated Heart Cause Of Pulmpnary Backflow":
Loss of hair on legs
Skin cold and clammy
Fatigue
Crackles
High heart rate
Dyspnea
HTN
Cyanosis
Orthopnea
Pink Sputum

Show Details / Rate It

---Stacey Alvin Community College

Acute Coronary Syndrome: initial treatment

Aspirin
Beta blocker
Coagulation (anticoagulation with heparin/LMW Heparin)
Double product control (decrease heart rate and blood pressure)
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---Elden Rand Brooke Army Medical Center - Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX

Derma

2008-01-29T12:24:00.001-05:00

Malignant melanoma: 3 sites with poor prognosis

BANS:
Back of Arm
Neck
Scalp
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Albinism: type I vs. II classification

"One has None. Two Accumulates":
Type I: have no pigment.
Type II: No pigment at birth, but accumulates as person ages.
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Generalized skin hyperpigmentation: causes

"With generalized, none of skin is SPARED":
Sunlight
Pregnancy
Addison's disease
Renal failure
Excess iron (haemochromatosis)
Drugs (eg busulphan)
Show Details / Rate It

---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey HKU

Clubbing: causes

CLUBBING:
Cyanotic heart disease
Lung disease (hypoxia, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis)
UC/Crohn's disease
Biliary cirrhosis
Birth defect (harmless)
Infective endocarditis
Neoplasm (esp. Hodgkins)
GI malabsorption
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cutaneous inflammation patterns

"Pus of
Pig
Valve"
· Remove the vowels: PSFPGVLV:
Psoriaform
Spongiotic (eczematous)
Folliculitis
Panniculitis
Granulomatous
Vasculopathic
Lichenoid
Vessiculobullous
Show Details / Rate It

---Daniel Clarke University of Queensland

Nodules: painful cutaneous nodules causes

BENGAL CO.:
Blue rubber bleb nevus
Eccrine spiradenoma
Neurilemmoma/ Neuroma
Glomus tumor
Angiolipoma/ Angioleiomyoma/ Angiosarcoma
Leiomyoma
Cutaneous endometriosis/ Calcinosis cutis
Osteoma cutis
Show Details / Rate It

---Jaggi Rao University of Alberta

Wound healing: factors delaying

DID NOT HEAL:
Drugs
Infection/ Icterus/ Ischemia
Diabetes
Nutrition
Oxygen (hypoxia)
Toxins
Hypothermia/ Hyperthermia
EtOH
Acidosis
Local anesthetics
Show Details / Rate It

---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

White patch of skin: differential

"Vitiligo PATCH":
Vitiligo
Pityriasis alba/ Post-inflammatory hypopigmentation
Age related hypopigmentation
Tinea versicolor/ Tuberous sclerosis (ashleaf macule)
Congenital birthmark
Hansen's (leprosy)
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---Dr. Chetan Wasekar Set G.S. Medical College, KEM Hospital, Bombay

Psoriasis: pathophysiology

PSORIASIS:
Pink Papules/ Plaques/ Pinpoint bleeding (Auspitz sign)/ Physical injury (Koebner phenomenon)/ Pain
Silver Scale/ Sharp margins
Onycholysis/ Oil spots
Rete Ridges with Regular elongation
Itching
Arthritis/ Abscess (Munro)
Stratum corneum with nuclei, neutrophils
Immunologic
Stratum granulosum absent/ Stratum Spinosum thickening
Show Details / Rate It

---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital

Raynaud's phenomenon: causes

COLD HAND:
Cryoglobulins/ Cryofibrinogens
Obstruction/ Occupational
Lupus erythematosus, other connective tissue disease
Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs
Hematologic problems (polycythemia, leukemia, etc)
Arterial problems (atherosclerosis)
Neurologic problems (vascular tone)
Disease of unknown origin (idiopathic)
Show Details / Rate It

---Jaggi Rao University of Alberta

Erythema nodosum: causes

DIPS OUT:
Drugs (eg sulfonamides)
Infections (eg strep)
Pregnancy
OCP
Ulcerative colitis
TB
Show Details / Rate It

---Nick Murch Medical House Officer

Pruritus: systemic causes

ITCH:
Iron deficiency anemia/ Internal malignancy
Thyroid disease/ Type 1 DM
CRF/ Chronic liver disease
HIV infection/ Hereditary hemochromatosis
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---Dr. Ibrahim Yasir Ahmed IGMH / Male' Rep. of Maldives

Eye

2008-01-29T12:23:00.007-05:00

Optic atrophy causes

ICING:
Ischaemia
Compressed nerve
Intracranial pressure [raised]
Neuritis history
Glaucoma
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Red eye causes

GO SUCK:
Glaucoma
Orbital disease
Scleritis
Uveitis
Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Anopsia: quarantic anopsia: location of lesion

Upper: Top: Temporal lesions.
Lower: Pits: Parietal lesions.
Show Details / Rate It

---Sung Hoon Kim Wonkang Univ Medical school, South Korea

Cataracts: causes

ABCDE:
Aging
Bang: trauma, other injuries (eg infrared)
Congenital
Diabetes and other metabolic disturbances (eg steroids)
Eye diseases: glaucoma, uveitis
Show Details / Rate It

---Anthony Chan

Diplopia (uniocular): causes

ABCD:
Astigmatism
Behavioral: psychogenic
Cataract
Dislocated lens
Show Details / Rate It

---Anthony Chan

Corneal stromal dystrophies

"Marilyn Monroe Gets High in LA":
Macular: Mucopolysaccharide
Granular: Hyaline
Lattice: Amyloid
Show Details / Rate It

---Elise R. Leonard, M.D.

Nasopharyngeal cancer: classic symptoms

NOSE:
Neck mass
Obstructed nasal passage
Serous otitis media externa
Epistaxis and discharge
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Cataracts: differential

CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (DM, Wilsons, etc)
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Dacryocystitis, dacryoadenitis: apparatus affected

Dacryocystitis, dacryadenitis:
· Cry, so affects lacrimal gland.
· Infection and inflammation, respectively.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Cataracts: causes

CATARAct:
Congenital
Aging
Toxicity (steroids, etc)
Accidents
Radiation
Abnormal metabolism (diabetes mellitus, Wilson's)
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Choroidal neovascular membrane

HAMMAR:
Histoplasmosis
ARMD
Multifocal Choroiditis
Myopia
Angiod
Rupture of the choroid
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Periorbital cellulitis: etiology

SIGHT:
Sinusitis
Insect Bite
Globular/ Glandular Spread
Heme Spread
Trauma
Show Details / Rate It

---Gregory Gulick Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine

Genetics

2008-01-29T12:23:00.005-05:00

Exon vs. intron function

Exons Expressed.
InTrons In Trash.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: class having the single ring

· "Pyrimadines are CUT from purines"
· Pyrimidines are:
Cytosine
Uracil
Thiamine
They are cut from purines so the pyrimadines must be smaller (one ring).
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Pedigree symbols: gender and affected

Gender: The cIRcle is a gIRl [so boys are squares].
Affected: Black plague was a disease, so black-filled symbol means an affected/diseased person [so non-filled-in is unaffected].

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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Cell cycle stages

"Go Sally Go! Make Children!":
G1 phase (Growth phase 1)
S phase (DNA Synthesis)
G2 phase (Growth phase 2)
M phase (Mitosis)
C phase (Cytokinesis)
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: causes for deviations from it

"Maggie May Does Not Smoke":
Mutations
Migration
Drift
Non-random mating
Selection
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Tumor suppressor vs. proto-onogene mutations: recessive vs. dominant

"Recess Suppress":
Tumor suppressor mutations are recessive.
Proto-oncogenes are opposite (dominant).
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Blots: function of Southern vs. Northern vs. Western

"SN0W
DR0P":
· Match up the 1st word letter with 2nd word letter:
Southern=DNA
Northern=RNA
Western=Protein
· The 0's in snow drop are zeros, since there is no Eastern blot.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Pyrimidines nucleotides

"CUT the PY" (cut the pie):
Cytosine
Uracil
Thiamine
are the PYrimidines
Show Details / Rate It

---Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services

Cri-du-chat syndrome: chromosomal deletion causing it is 5p(-)

What's another name for a cat that's five letters long and starts with a P? (Answer: pussy).
Why is the cat crying? Missing its P.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: which are purines

"Pure Silver":
· Chemical formula of Pure silver is Ag.
Therefore, Purines are Adenine and Guanine.
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---Jason Mounts Medical College of Georgia

Achrondroplasia dwarfism: inheritance pattern

Achondroplasia Dwarfism is Autosomal Dominant.
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Marfan syndrome features

MARFAN'S:
Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic Aneurysm
Retinal detachment
Fibrillin
Arachnodactyly
Negative Nitroprusside test (differentiates from homocystinuria)
Subluxated lens
Show Details / Rate It

---Rinku Uberoi and Wabbas Mahmud UNIBE and Punjab Medical College Faisalabad, Pakistan

Imprinting diseases: Prader-Willi and Angelman

"Pray to an Angel":
Prader-Willi and Angelman are the 2 classic imprinting diseases.
· Which disease results, depends on whether 15q deletion is maternal or paternal. Keep them straight by:
Paternal is Prader-Willi.
· See diagram for cardinal symptom of each disease.

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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Down syndrome pathology

DOWN:
Decreased alpha-fetoprotein and unconjugated estriol (maternal)
One extra chromosome twenty-one
Women of advanced age
Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis
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---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Hurler syndrome features

HURLER'S:
Heptosplenomegaly
Ugly facies
Recessive (AR inheritance)
L-iduronidase deficiency (alpha)
Eyes clouded
Retarded
Short/ Stubby fingers
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Tay Sach's features

SACHS:
Spot in macula
Ashkenazic Jews
CNS degeneration
Hex A deficiency
Storage disease
· Extra details with TAY:
Testing recommended
Autosomal recessive/ Amaurosis
Young death (<4 yrs)
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Down syndrome features: complete

"My CHILD HAS PROBLEM!":
Congenital heart disease/ Cataracts
Hypotonia/ Hypothyroidism
Incure 5th finger/ Increased gap between 1st and 2nd toe
Leukemia risk x2/ Lung problem
Duodenal atresia/ Delayed development
Hirshsprung's disease/ Hearing loss
Alzheimer's disease/ Alantoaxial instability
Squint/ Short neck
Protruding tongue/ Palm crease
Round face/ Rolling eye (nystagmus)
Occiput flat/ Oblique eye fissure
Brushfield spot/ Brachycephaly
Low nasal bridge/ Language problem
Epicanthic fold/ Ear folded
Mental retardation/ Myoclonus
Show Details / Rate It

---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Medical Student '03, Hong Kong University

APKD: genetics

ADult Polycystic Kidney Disease is
Autosomal
Dominant
· Also, "Polycystic kidney" has 16 letters and is due to a defect on chromosome 16.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

DiGeorge/ Velocardiofacial syndrome: features

CATCH 22:
Cardiac abnormalities
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
22q11 deletion
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: purines vs. pyrimidines

"Guardian Angels are Pure, with two Wings":
G and A are Purines, with two Rings.
· See diagram.

Show Details / Rate It

---V. Coleman University of Washington SOM, Seattle

Chromosome 15 diseases

Chromosome 15 has its own MAP:
Marfan syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Show Details / Rate It

---Christopher Jordan UAG

Bartter syndrome: inheritance

BARtter syndrome is autosomal recessive (AR).
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Nucleotides: double vs. triple bonded basepairs

"TU bonds" (two bonds):
T-A and U-A have Two bonds.
G-C therefore has the three bonds.
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Codons: nonsense mutation

"Stop talking nonsense!":
Nonsense mutation causes premature stop.
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

DNA: Z vs. B form: which is inactive

ZZZZ is sleeping (inactive).
B form is therefore active DNA.
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Nucleotides: purines

"AGUA PURa":
Adenine and GUAnine are PURines.
· "Agua pura" is spanish for "pure water".
Show Details / Rate It

---Patricia Sanchez INTEC University, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

H&E

2008-01-29T12:23:00.003-05:00

Alcohol abuse screening questions

CAGE:
1. Ever felt it necessary to Cut down on drinking?
2. Has anyone ever said they felt Annoyed by your drinking?
3. Ever felt Guilty about drinking?
4. Ever felt a need to have a morning drink as an Eye opener?
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Abdominal swelling causes

9 F's:
Fat
Feces
Fluid
Flatus
Fetus
Full-sized tumors
Full bladder
Fibroids
False pregnancy
Show Details / Rate It

---Richard Thompson and Alex Queens University, Belfast, NI and Not Specified

Patient examination organization

SOAP:
Subjective: what the patient says.
Objective: what the examiner observes.
Assessment: what the examiner thinks is going on.
Plan: what they intend to do about it.
Show Details / Rate It

---Richard Rathe, MD University of Florida

Vomiting: non-GIT differential

ABCDEFGHI:
Acute renal failure
Brain [increased ICP]
Cardiac [inferior MI]
DKA
Ears [labyrinthitis]
Foreign substances [Tylenol, theo, etc.]
Glaucoma
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Infection [pyelonephritis, meningitis]
Show Details / Rate It

---Ken Evans Saskatchewan Health, Acute and Emergency Services

History: quick EMS medical history checklist

SAMPLE:
Signs/ Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Pertinent history
Last oral intake
Events preceding this incident
Show Details / Rate It

---Midnight Medic Paramedic in Texas

Pain history checklist

OPQRSTU:
Onset of pain (time, duration)
Palliative factors for pain
Quality of pain (throbbing, stabbing, dull, etc.)
Region of body affected
Severity of pain (usually scale of 1-10)
Timing of pain (after exercise, in evening, etc.)
U: How does it affect 'U' in your daily life?
· May wish to expand to OPPQRRSTTUVW, with the extra letters representing:
Provocative factors
Radiation (how does pain spread)
Treatments tried
Deja Vu: Has this happened before?
Worry: What do you think or fear that it is?
Show Details / Rate It

---Midnight Medic and Robert Lueken and Michael Waddell Paramedic in Texas and Eastern Virginia Medical School and University of Wisconsin Medical School

Differential diagnosis checklist

"A VITAMIN C"
A and C stand for Acquired and Congenital
· VITAMIN stands for:
Vascular
Inflammatory (Infectious and non-Infectious)
Trauma/ Toxins
Autoimmune
Metabolic
Idiopathic
Neoplastic
· Example usage: List causes of decreased vision: Central retinal artery occlusion, Retinitis pigmentosa, Perforation to gobe, Chronic Gentamycin use, Ruematoid arthritis, Diabetes, Idiopathic, Any eye tumor, Myopia.
Show Details / Rate It

---Nizaar Lilla University Of Cape Town Medical School

Sign vs. symptom

sIgn: something I can detect even if patient is unconscious.
sYMptom is something only hYM knows about.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Eyes: abbreviations for the eyes

You look OUt with Both eyes.
Take the Right dose so you won't OD [overdose].
The only one that is Left is OS.
· Both eyes=OU, Right eye=OD, Left eye=OS.
Show Details / Rate It

---Deborah Belty, RN, MS Tulsa Community College

Medical history: disease checklist

MJ THREADS:
Myocardial infarction
Jaundice
Tuberculosis
Hypertension
Rheumatic fever/ Rheumatoid arthritis
Epilepsy
Asthma
Diabetes
Strokes
· Aside: "History" album was by Michael Jackson (MJ).
Show Details / Rate It

---Soumendra Datta University College London Medical School

Pain history checklist

"On Days Feeling Low Character, Run A
Seven Pace Race":
Onset
Duration
Frequency
Location
Character
Radiation
Severity
Precipitating factors
Relieving factors
Show Details / Rate It

---Carrie Davis, RNC, MSN, WHNP Obici Health System

Pain history checklist

ASK LAST:
Aggravating/ Alleviating
Severity
Karacter
Location
Associated symptoms
Setting
Timing
Show Details / Rate It

---Miguel Gonzalez Chicago Medical School

Pain history checklist

SOCRATES:
Site
Onset
Character
Radiation
Alleviating factors/ Associated symptoms
Timing (duration, frequency)
Exacerbating factors
Severity
· Alternatively, Signs and Symptoms with the 'S'.
Show Details / Rate It

---Piyush and Shirish Toshniwal and Jonathan Round and Neil Mckeon Cambridge and Smt. NHL Medical College, Ahmedabad and RFUCMS

Symptom attributes

"FAST LQQ'S":
Factors that make it better/worse
Associated manifestations
Setting
Timing
Location
Quality
Quantity
Severity
Show Details / Rate It

---Ron Norman AECC

Heart valve auscultation sites

"All Patients Take Meds":
· Reading from top left:
Aortic
Pulmonary
Tricuspid
Mitral
· See diagram.
· Alternatively: All Prostitutes Take Money.
· Alternatively: APe To Man.

Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor and Raarsi and Dana M. Not specified and University of Birmingham Medical School and MCC Michigan

Four point physical assessment of a disease

"I'm A
People Person":
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Physical exam for 'lumps and bumps'

"6 Students and 3 Teachers go for CAMPFIRE":
Site, Size, Shape, Surface, Skin, Scar
Tenderness, Temperature, Transillumination
Consistency
Attachment
Mobility
Pulsation
Fluctuation
Irreducibility
Regional lymph nodes
Edge
Show Details / Rate It

---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey

Surgical sieve

VANISHED:
Vascular
Accident & trauma
Neoplastic
Inflammatory
Septic
Haematologic/ Hereditary
Endocrinological
Degenerative
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor University of Otago Medical School, New Zealand

Differential diagnosis checklist

"I VINDICATE AIDS":
Idiopathic
Vascular
Infectious
Neoplastic
Degenerative
Inflammatory
Congenital
Autoimmune
Traumatic
Endocrinal and metabolic
Allergic
Iatrogenic
Drugs
Social
Show Details / Rate It

---Michael A. Chaplin SUNY-HSCB Downstate College of Medicine

Symptom sieve

"TIN CAN BED DIP POG":
Trauma
Infection
Neoplasm
Cardiac
Autoimmune
Neurological
Blood/ Bone
Endocrine
Disintegration/ Degeneration
Drugs
Iatrogenic/ Idiopathic
Psychological
Paediatric
Obstetric
Gynaecological
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Pain history checklist

LOST WAR:
Location
Onset
Severity
Time
Worsening factors
Alleviating factors
Radiation
Show Details / Rate It

---Jane Day Nottingham Medical School

Short statue causes

RETARD HEIGHT:
Rickets
Endocrine (cretinism, hypopituitarism, Cushing's)
Turner syndrome
Achondroplasia
Respiratory(suppurative lung disease)
Down syndrome
Hereditary
Environmental (postirradiation, postinfectious)
IUGR
GI (malabsorption)
Heart (congenital heart disease)
Tilted backbone (scoliosis)
Show Details / Rate It

---Lau Yue Young Geoffrey Medical Student '03, Hong Kong University

Ascultation: crackles (rales)

"PEBbles":
Pneumonia
Edema of lung
Bronchitis
Show Details / Rate It

---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim

Pain history checklist

CHLORIDE:
CHaracter (stabbing, throbbing, etc.)
Location
Onset
Radiation
Intensity
Duration
Exacerbating and alleviating factors
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor Student

Differential diagnosis

CIMETIDINE:
Congenital
Infection/ Inflammatory
Metabolic
Endocrine
Trauma
Iatrogenic
Degenerative
Idiopathic
Neoplastic
Everything else
Show Details / Rate It

---Chng Chiaw Ling NUS, Singapore

Sign vs. symptom

Remember Ace of Base's song that goes like this:
"I Saw the Sign, and it opened up my eyes".
The physician sees the signs.
Show Details / Rate It

---Lee

Systems review: systems checklist

I PUNCH EAR:
Integumental
Pulmonary
Urogenital
Nervous
Cardiovascular
Hematolymphoid
Endocrine
Alimentary
Reproductive
Show Details / Rate It

---Beth Ann Young and Robert O'Connor Kent State Univeristy, Nursing Student and University College Dublin

History taking -past medical history

ABCDEFGHI:
Asthma
Blood pressure (say: 'blood pressure problems')
CVA (say: 'stroke')
Diabetes mellitus (say: 'diabetes')
Epilepsy
Fever, rheumatic
Gastrointestinal (jaundice)
Heart attack
Infection (TB)
Show Details / Rate It

---Dave Gale Sheffield University Medical School

Pain history checklist

MR. C T FARADS:
Main site
Radiation
Character
Timing
Frequency
Associated factors
Relieving factors
Aggravating factors
Duration
Severity
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Abdomen assessment

To assess abdomen, palpate all 4 quadrants for DR. GERM:
Distension: liver problems, bowel obstruction
Rigidity (board like): bleeding
Guarding: muscular tension when touched
Eviseration/ Ecchymosis
Rebound tenderness: infection
Masses
Show Details / Rate It

---Lyssa Lenske Mount Saint Mary's College BSN Program

Pain history checklist

CLITORIS:
Character
Location
Intensity
Timing
Onset
Radiating
Irritating and relieving factors
Symptoms associated
Show Details / Rate It

---Nick Rukin Birmingham Medical School, UK

Heart valve auscultation sites

"All People Try Marijuana":
Aortic
Pulmonic
Tricuspid
Mitral
Show Details / Rate It

---Leah Harris Tufts University School of Medicine

Consolidations: sound

Consolidations
Conduct
Consonants
Clearly
Show Details / Rate It

---Elden Rand BAMC, San Antonio, TX

Past medical history (PMH)

VAMP THIS:
Vices (tobacco, alcohol, other drugs, sexual risks)
Allergies
Medications
Preexisting medical conditions
Trauma
Hospitalizations
Immunizations
Surgeries
Show Details / Rate It

---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Patient profile (PP)

LADDERS:
Living situation/ Lifestyle
Anxiety
Depression
Daily activities (describe a typical day)
Environmental risks/ Exposure
Relationships
Support system/ Stress
Show Details / Rate It

---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Family history (FH)

BALD CHASM:
Blood pressure (high)
Arthritis
Lung disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Heart disease
Alcoholism
Stroke
Mental health disorders (depression, etc.)
Show Details / Rate It

---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Differential diagnosis checklist

DIRECTION:
Drugs
Infection
Rheumatologic
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Trauma
Inflammatory
Other
Neoplasm
Show Details / Rate It

---Michael Waddell University of Wisconsin Medical School

Pathologic classification

NIT DIT FIT:
Neoplastic
Infectious
Traumatic
Degenerative/ Drugs
Immune
Toxic
Vascular
Inflammatory
Totally obscure
Show Details / Rate It

---Darren Markland University of Alberta

Pyrexia of Unknown Origin: history taking

SIT ON FRAD:
Sexual history
Immunisation status
Travel history
Occupational history
Nutrition (consumption of dairy products, etc.)
Family history
Recreational habits
Animal contacts (including ticks and other vectors)
Drug history
Show Details / Rate It

---Dr. Sonali Vadi

Health related behavior (HRB) topics: history taking

"Healthy SEEDS":
Substances (alcohol, tobacco, IV drugs?)
Environment (hazards at home or work? feel safe?)
Exercise (what do you do? how often do you do it?)
Diet (any special diet?)
Sex (active with m/f/both? >1 partner? safe sex? STD history? difficulty with arousal or orgasm? history of abuse?)
· I find this order works well: patients most expect to be asked about alcohol and they least want to talk about their STD history, but taking a solid HRB history first reassures them that it's all part of good medical care.
Show Details / Rate It

---Patrick Lee UCSF Medical School

Breast history checklist

LMNOP:
Lump
Mammary changes
Nipple changes
Other symptoms
Patient risk factors
Show Details / Rate It

---Gajan Rajeswaran Final Year Medical Student, Imperial College School Of Medicine, London

Pain history checklist

COLDER BARS:
Character
Onset
Location
Duration
Exacerbating factors
Radiation
Before (ever happened before)
Associated symptoms
Relieving factors
Severity
Show Details / Rate It

---Marcus Chia University of Sydney Medical Program

Pain history checklist

SO CRAP:
Site
Onset
Character
Radiates to
Associated symptoms/ Alleviating and exacerbating factors
Periodicity
Show Details / Rate It

---Polly Weston Bristol University Med School

History, HCFA components for E+M coding

Q LSD MCAT:
Quality
Location
Severity
Duration
Modifying factors
Context
Associated signs and symptoms
Timing
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert P Lemmon III, MD Village Family Medicine

Surgical sieve for diagnostic categories

INVESTIGATIONS:
Iatrogenic
Neoplastic
Vascular
Endocrine
Structural/ Mechanical
Traumatic
Inflammatory
Genetic/ Congenital
Autoimmune
Toxic
Infective
Old age/ Degenerative
Nutritional
Spontaneous/ Idiopathic
Show Details / Rate It

---Neil Curran Medical Student, Otago University New Zealand

Mental state examination: stages in order

"Assessed Mental State To Be Positively Clinically Unremarkable":
Appearance and behaviour [observe state, clothing...]
Mood [recent spirit]
Speech [rate, form, content]
Thinking [thoughts, perceptions]
Behavioural abnormalities
Perception abnormalities
Cognition [time, place, age...]
Understanding of condition [ideas, expectations, concerns]
Show Details / Rate It

---Hafizur Rahman MRI-Manchester Med School

Branham sign: definition

BRAnham sign:
BRAdycardia after compression or excision of a large AV fistula.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Glasgow coma scale: components and numbers

· Scale types is 3 V's:
Visual response
Verbal response
Vibratory (motor) response
· Scale scores are 4,5,6:
Scale of 4: see so much more
Scale of 5: talking jive
Scale of 6: feels the pricks (if testing motor by pain withdrawl)
Show Details / Rate It

---Rinku Uberoi and Robert O'Connor

Physical examination - correct order

"I
Palpate
People's Abdomens":
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
Show Details / Rate It

---Jim McHugh St George's, London

Clinical examination: initial Inspection of patient from end of bed

ABC:
Appearance (SOB, pain, etc)
Behaviour
Connections (drips, inhalers, etc connected to patient)
Show Details / Rate It

---Jamal Khan Birmingham University Medical Student

Heart ausculation sites: ribs

Apt. M 225A:
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve
Tricuspid valve
Mitral valve
· In order they correspond with the following landmarks:
2nd intercostal space (right)
2nd intercostal space (left)
5th intercostal space (left)
Apex (still the 5th intercostal space)
Show Details / Rate It

---John Medical school

Patient's model of illness (illness history)

"DC REF Fears Similar Decision At ER":
Definition
Cause
Reasoning
Effect
Future
Fears and concerns
Similar experiences
Decision-making
Attempts at treatment
Expectations of treatment
Results
Show Details / Rate It

---Michael Huang School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Australia

Neurology

2008-01-29T12:23:00.001-05:00

Pin-point pupil causes

Pin-Point Pupils are due to oPioids and Pontine Pathology
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Babinski and LMN signs: conditions exhibiting them

"D MASTS":
Diabetes
Motor neuron disease
Ataxia (friedrichs)
Subacute combined degeneration of cord
Tabo paresis
Syringobulbia
Show Details / Rate It

---G.S. Dutt

Peripheral neuropathies: differential

DANG THERAPIST:
Diabetes
Amyloid
Nutritional (eg B12 deficiency)
Guillain-Barre
Toxic (eg amiodarone)
Heriditary
Endocrine
Recurring (10% of G-B) Alcohol
Pb (lead)
Idiopathic
Sarcoid
Thyroid
Show Details / Rate It

---Ben Campbell University of Otago Medical School, Dunedin, New Zealand

Dementia: some common causes

DEMENTIA:
Diabetes
Ethanol
Medication
Environmental (eg CO poisoning)
Nutritional
Trauma
Infection
Alzheimer's
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Vertigo: differential

VOMITS:
Vestibulitis
Ototoxic drugs
Meniere's disease
Injury
Tumor
Spin (benign positional vertigo)
Show Details / Rate It

---Dr. J.G. Norris

Ramsay-Hunt syndrome: cause and common feature

"Ramsay Hunt":
· Etiology:
Reactivated
Herpes zoster
· Complication:
Reduced
Hearing
Show Details / Rate It

---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Stroke risk factors

HEADS:
Hypertension/ Hyperlipidemia
Elderly
Atrial fib
Diabetes mellitus/ Drugs (cocaine)
Smoking/ Sex (male)
Show Details / Rate It

---Rinku S. Uberoi UNIBE

Multiple sclerosis (MS): epidemiology

MS is a feminine title (Ms.) and is female predominant.
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Neuropathy: diagnosis confirmation

NEuropathy:
Nerve conduction velocity
Electromyography
Show Details / Rate It

---Rinku S. Uberoi

Battle sign

BattlE:
Behind Ear
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Neurofibromatosis: diagnostic criteria

ROLANDO:
Relative (1st degree)
Osseous fibromas
Lisch nodules in eyes
Axillary freckling
Neurofibromas
Dime size cafe au lait spots
Optic gliomas
Show Details / Rate It

---Balraj Jhawar The University of Western Ontario

Proximal myopathy: differential

PEACH PODS:
Polymyositis
Endocrine: hyper, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly
Alcohol
Carcinoma
HIV infection
Periodic hypokalemic paralysis
Osteomalacia
Drugs: steroids, statins
Sarcoidosis
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Dementia: reversible dementia causes

DEMENTIA:
Drugs/ Depression
Elderly
Multi-infarct/ Medication
Environmental
Nutritional
Toxins
Ischemia
Alcohol
Show Details / Rate It

---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer of Pediatric Surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

Stroke: young patient's likely causes

7 C's:
Cocaine
Consanguinity [familial such as neurofibromatosis and von Hippel-Lindau]
Cancer
Cardiogenic embol
hyperCoagulation
CNS infection [eg: HIV conditions]
Congenital arterial lesion
Show Details / Rate It

---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, N.Y.

Encephalitis: differential

HE'S LATIN AMERICAN:
Herpesviridae
Enteroviridae (esp. Polio)
Slow viruses (esp. JC, prions)
Syphilis
Legionella/ Lyme disease/ Lymphocytic meningoencephalitis
Aspergillus
Toxoplasmosis
Intracranial pressure
Neisseria meningitidis
Arboviridae
Measles/ Mumps/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis/ Mucor
E. coli
Rabies/ Rubella
Idiopathic
Cryptococcus/ Candida
Abscess
Neoplasm/ Neurocysticercosis
· Neurocysticercosis should be assumed with recent Latin American immigrant patient unless proven otherwise.
Show Details / Rate It

---Samuel Atom Baek-Kim Tuckahoe, NY

Head trauma: rapid neuro exam

· 12 P's:
Psychological (mental) status
Pupils: size, symmetry, reaction
Paired ocular movememts
Papilloedema
Pressure (BP, increased ICP)
Pulse and rate
Paralysis, Paresis
Pyramidal signs
Pin prick sensory response
Pee (incontinent)
Patellar relex (and others)
Ptosis
· Reevaluate patient every 8 hrs.
Show Details / Rate It

---Ernest Boiselier, MD and Sung Kim Attending physician, ISSSTE, Juarez, Mexico

Neurofibromatosis: diagnositic criteria (type-1)

CAFE SPOT:
Cafe-au-lait spots
Axillary, inguinal freckling
Fibroma
Eye: lisch nodules
Skeletal (bowing leg, etc)
Pedigree/ Positive family history
Optic Tumor (glioma)
Show Details / Rate It

---Hui-quan Zhao Children's Hospital Cincinnati

Pupillary dilatation (persistent): causes

3AM:
3rd nerve palsy
Anti-muscarinic eye drops (eg to facilitate fundoscopy)
Myotonic pupil (Holmes Adie pupil): most commonly in young women, with absent/delayed reaction to light and convergence, and of no pathological significance.
Show Details / Rate It

---Gajan Rajeswaran Final Year Medical Student, Imperial College School Of Medicine, London

Ocular bobbing vs. dipping

"Breakfast is fast, Dinner is slow, both go down":
Bobbing is fast.
Dipping is slow.
In both, the initial movement is down.
Show Details / Rate It

---Parameswaran Doctor

Huntington's: chromosome, involvement

HUNT 4 DATE:
HUNTington's on chromosome 4, with cauDATE nucleus involvement.
Show Details / Rate It

---Syed Medical doctor

Dementia: treatable causes

DEMENTIA:
Drug toxicity
Emotional (depression, anxiety, OCD, etc.)
Metabolic (electrolytes, liver dz, kidney dz, COPD)
Eyes/ Ears (peripheral sensory restrictions)
Nutrition (vitamin, iron deficiencies/ NPH [Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus]
Tumors/ Trauma (including chronic subdural hematoma)
Infection (meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, syphilis)
Arteriosclerosis and other vascular disease
Show Details / Rate It

---Dr. Bill Lynch, originated by Dr. Jerome Yesavage Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Whipple's disease: features [for neurologists]

A WHIPPLES DOOM
Arthralgias
Whipplei (organism)
Hypothalamic involvement
Intestinal involvement/ Intestinal biopsy required
PAS positive macrophages
PCR positivity
Lymphadenopathy
Extrapyramidal involvement
Septran treat with
Dementia
Ocular abnormalities (vertical gaze palsy)
Oculomasticatory myorhythmia
Myoclonus
Show Details / Rate It

---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Congenital myopathy: features

DREAMS:
Dominantly inherited, mostly
Reflexes decreased
Enzymes normal
Apathetic floppy baby
Milestones delayed
Skeletal abnormalities
Show Details / Rate It

---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Chorea: common causes

St. VITUS'S DANCE:
Sydenhams
Vascular
Increased RBC's (polycythemia)
Toxins: CO, Mg, Hg
Uremia
SLE
Senile chorea
Drugs
APLA syndrome
Neurodegenerative conditions: HD, neuroacanthocytosis, DRPLA
Conception related: pregnancy, OCP's
Endocrine: hyperthyroidism, hypo-, hyperglycemia
Show Details / Rate It

---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Status epilepticus: treatment

"Thank Goodness All Cerebral Bursts Dissipate":
Thiamine
Glucose
Ativan
Cerebyx
Barbiturate
Diprivan
Show Details / Rate It

---J.D. Broughton, MD

Balint's syndrome

SOOT:
Simultagnosia
Optic ataxia
Ocular apraxia
Tunnel vision
Show Details / Rate It

---Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Visual loss: persistent bilateral sudden onset visual loss differential

FLOP:
Functional
Leber's hereditary neuropathy
Occipital infarctions
Pituitary apoplexy
Show Details / Rate It

---Dr. Bobby Varkey SCTIMST

Perinaud's syndrome: clinical features

PERINAUD'S:
Pseudo 6th nerve palsy/ Penial region
Eyelid Retraction
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Nystagmus
Accomodation reflex present
Upward gaze palsy
Defective convergence/ Decerebrate rigidity
Skew deviation
Show Details / Rate It

---Ram Mohan Svrr Tirupathi AP India

Benidict's syndrome: site affected

Benidict's test for sugar gives red precipitate.
Similarly, Benidict's syndrome affects red nucleus.
Show Details / Rate It

---Ram Mohan Svrr Tirupathi AP India

Stroke: basic work up

The 3 P's:
Pump
Pipes
Plasma
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Alzheimer's disease: progressive phases

ABCD:
Amnesic phase (forgetting keys, leaving cooker on)
Behavioural problems (antisocial, wandering)
Cortical phase (incontinence, falls)
Decerebrate phase (return of primitive reflexes)
Show Details / Rate It

---Paul Aron University of Birmingham Medical School

Hydrocephalus: Normal pressure hydrocephalus DDx

3 W's:
Wet: urinary incontinence
Wobbly: gait abnormality
Wacky: dementia, memory problems
Show Details / Rate It

---Class of 2005 University of Florida College of Medicine

Cerebellar signs

PINARD'S:
Past pointing
Intention tremor
Nystagmus
Ataxia
Rebound
Dysdiadokinesia
Slurred speech
[Note: If you haven't done Obs yet, a Pinard's is for listening to a baby's heart on mother's abdomen]
Show Details / Rate It

---Dr. Brian Egan University College Galway

Multiple sclerosis: signs and symptoms

INSULAR:
Intention tremor
Nystagmus
Slurred speech
Uthoff's phenomenon
Lhermitte's sign
Ataxia
Rebound
Show Details / Rate It

---Dr. Brian Egan University College Galway

Neuroscience

2008-01-29T12:22:00.005-05:00

Branchial arches: cranial nerve innervation

In Sensory/Motor/Both mnemonic 'Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More', the B's also give Brancial arch nerves in order:
But (CN 5): 1st arch
Brother (CN7): 2nd arch
Big (CN9): 3rd arch
Boobs (CN 10): 4th arch
Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Temporal lobe: location of high vs. low frequency recognition

The bass clef looks like an ear.
Therefore, the bass clef [low frequency] is closer to the ear, and the treble clef [high frequency] is more medial.
See diagram.

Show Details / Rate It

---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Cranial nerves: olfactory and optic numbers

"You have two eyes and one nose":
Optic nerve is cranial nerve two.
Olfactory nerve is cranial nerve one.
· Alternatively, note alphabetical order: oLfactory, and oPtic.
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---Rajael Somaskanthan Medical student, Royal Free and UCL Medical School

Cranial nerves

"On Old Olympus Towering Tops, A
Finn And German Viewed Some Hops":
· In order from 1 to 12:
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory [or Vestibulocochlear]
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory [or Spinal root of the accessory]
Hypoglossal
· Alternatively:"Oh! Oh! Oh! To Touch And Feel A
Girls Vagina, Ah! Heaven!".
· Alternatively: "Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Virgin Girls Vaginas And Hymens".
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---Anurag Gupta Dept of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Australia

Ventricle aperatures: converting the two nomenclature types

Magendie foramen is the Medial aperture.
Luschka foramen is the Lateral aperture.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Basal ganglia: indirect vs. direct pathway

The Indirect pathway Inhibits.
Direct pathway is hence the excitatory one.
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

CSF circulation: function of choroid vs. arachnoid granules

Choroid Creates CSF.
Arachnoid granules Absorb CSF.
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---Jason Galarneau Flinders University, Australia

GABA vs. Glu: the excitatory vs. inhibitory transmitter in brain (eg in basal ganglia)

When you Glue two things together, you add (+) those things together, therefore Glu is the excitatory one (+).
GABA is therefore the negative one.
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Pituitary: which half is the adenohypophysis

The Anterior pituitary is the Adenohypophysis.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Broca's vs. Wernick's area: effect of damage to speech center

"Broca": your speech machinery is Broken.
· Broca is wanting to speak, but articulation doesn't work, and very slow.
"Wer-nick": "were" and "nick" are both words of English language, but together they are nonsensical.
· Wernick is having good articulation, but saying words that don't make sense together.
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Argyll-Robertson Pupil features

Look at the math signs around the two parts of the name: A-R.
The A has no sign in front, which in math means +A (+ Accommodate).
There is a subtract sign in front of the R (- React).
Therefore, pupil can accommodate, but can't react.
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Spinal cord: converting ventral/ anterior/ motor/ efferent and dorsal/ posterior/ sensory/ afferent

A limousine:
The motor of limo is ventral and anterior on the car.
The Aerial is sensory and on the dorsal and posterior of the limo.
· Note 1: 'A' is Afferent, and also, in a limo, the aerial on the top of the trunk has a capital 'A' shape.
· Note 2: An aerial is a sensory thing: picks up radio waves.
· Note 3: If picked a limo up in your hand, can only see motor on ventral, since dorsal is covered by the hood/bonnet.

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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Optic chiasma: what it looks like if you're a genetics star

The optic chiasma looks the same as a chiasma in meiosis, making it easy to spot on the dissected brain.

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---Anonymous Contributor

Parasympathetic vs. sympathetic function

Sympathetic nervous system: "Fight or Flight".
Parasympathetic nervous system: "Rest and Digest".
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---Anonymous Contributor

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

"Syringes Help Men On Drugs":
Serotonin
Histamine
Muscarinic
Opioids
Dopamine
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebellar damage symptoms

VANISHeD:
Vertigo
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonic reflexes
Dysdiadochokinesia.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Hypothalamus: feeding vs.satiety center

"Late night snack":
LATEral is snacking [feeding] center.
Therefore, ventromedial is satiety center.
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Spinal tracts: simplified geography

2 posterior: cross at the medulla.
2 lateral: ipsilateral (same side).
2 anterior: cross at the spinal level.
· See diagram.
· Note 1: Descending tracts on left of figure, ascending tracts on right.
· Note 2: For ipsilaterals: one never crosses, one crosses at the level then doubles back farther up. The ipsilateral that crosses at the level (ventral spinocerebellar) is the ipsilateral closest to the 2 anterior ones, which also cross at the level.
· Tract names in each group:
Posterior 2: lateral corticalspinal, dorsal columns. Lateral 2: dorsal spinocerebellar, ventral spinocerebellar. Anterior 2: ventral corticospinal, spinothalamic.

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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Spinal tracts: Gracilus vs. Cuneatus: origin from upper vs. lower limbs

Gracilus is the name of a muscle in the legs, so Fasciculus Gracilus is for the lower limbs.
By default, Fasciculus Cuneatus must be for upper limbs.
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---Jason Galarneau Flinders University

Precentral vs. postcentral gyrus: motor vs. sensory

Just an extension of the rule that anterior = ventral = efferent = motor.
The precentral gyrus is on the anterior side of the brain, so is therefore motor.
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Geniculate bodies: medial vs. lateral system

MALE:
Medial=Auditory. Lateral=Eye.
Medial geniculate body is for auditory system, lateral geniculate body is for visual system.
Can expand to MALES to remember Lateral=Eye=Superior colliculus (thus medial is inferior colliculus by default).
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Purkinje cells in cerebellum are inhibitory to deep nuclei

Shape of a purkinje cell in 3 dimensions is same as a policeman's hand saying "Stop".
Therefore, purkinje cells are inhibitory.
· See diagram.

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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Dysphagia vs. dysphasia

DysphaSia is for Speech
DysphaGia is for your Gut [swallowing].
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---Anonymous Contributor

Hypothalamus: feeding vs. satiety center

"Stim the lat, get fat":
· Stimulating lateral increases hunger.
"Stim the ven, get thin":
· Stimulating ventromedial increases satiety.
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---Ryan Hendren University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Argyll-Robertson Pupil features

Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP)
Read it from front to back: it is ARP, standing for Accomodation Reflex Present.
Read it from back to front: it is PRA, standing for Pupillary Reflex Absent.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebellar deep nuclei

"Ladies Demand Exceptional Generosity From Men":
· The 4 nuclei, from lateral to medial:
[Lateral]
Dentate
Emboliform
Globose
Fastigial
[Medial]

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---Nick Loman St. Bart's/Royal London

Dorsal= afferent, Ventral= efferent and their functions

"My friend DAVE got kicked in the behind and screamed":
Dorsal/Afferent component is the sensation of pain coming from the rear.
Ventral/Efferent component is the motor action of screaming (which is done at front of body).
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cranial nerves [for those under stress]

"Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final A
Good Vacation Seems Heavenly":
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal root of the accessory
Hypoglossal
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebellar damage signs

DASHING:
Dysdiadochokinesia
Ataxia
Speech
Hypotonia
Intention tremor
Nystagmus
Gait
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---Anonymous Contributor

Hypothalamus: general functions

"TALE of the hypothalamus":
Temperature
Appetite
Libido
Emotion
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---Anonymous Contributor

Coronal section of brain: structures

"In
Extreme
Conditions Eat People's Guts Instead of Their Hearts":
· From insula to midline:
Insula
Extreme capsule
Claustrum
External capsule
Putamen
Globis pallidus
Internal capsule
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cranial nerves: sensory, motor or both [1950s style]

"Some Say Marilyn Monroe But My Brother Says Bridget Bardot Mmm, Mmm!":
· From I to XII:
Sensory
Sensory
Motor
Motor
Both
Motor
Both
Sensory
Both
Both
Motor
Motor
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cranial nerves

"One Octopus Offered Two Toddlers And Five Virgins Great Valium And Hash":
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
V>estibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accesory
Hypoglossal
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---Whit Fisher Georgetown Med

Cranial nerves [for those with a vegetable fetish]

"Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables, Ah Heaven!":
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accesory
Hypoglossal
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---Anonymous Contributor

Thirst/water balance control centre: location in hypothalamus

"You look up (supra...optic) at the clouds, to check if it's going to rain (water)":
Therefore, water balance is in supraoptic nucleus.
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---Zeiad Fakhouri

Geniculate bodies: medial vs. lateral system

"Lateral=Light. Medial=Music.":
Lateral geniculate body is for visual system.
Medial geniculate is for auditory system.
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---Matt Morgan University of Utah School of Medicine

Cranial nerves

"Old Opticians Operate To Try Adding Fortune And Getting Vegas Another Hotel!":
· In order from 1 to 12:
Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Auditory
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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---Melissa Student in California

Cranial nerves [for political Americans]

"Our Oval Office Tomorrow Teeters As Florida Adds George Versus Al's Handcounts":
Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducent
Facial
Acoustic
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal
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---Chris Teng SUNY-HSCB Downstate College of Medicine, [Annual SUNY CN Contest Winner, 2000]

Cerebellar deep nuclei

"Fat Girls Eat Doritos":
· From medial to lateral:
Fastigial
Globose
Emboliform
Dentate
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---

Cerebellar peduncles: afferent vs efferent

SEMA:
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Efferent (fibres)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Afferent (fibres)
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---Durre Dow Medical College, Pakistan

Geniculate bodies: paired to respective colliculi

SLIM:
Superior colliculi: Lateral geniculate body.
Inferior colliculi: Medial geniculate body.
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---Durre Dow Medical College, Pakistan

Cerebellar damage signs

DANISH:
Dysdiadochokinesis
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Slurred speech
Hypotonia
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---Grant Wilde and Kristian Mears University of Leicester and University of Nottingham, UK

Cerebellar functional areas

Anatomical shape/location of cerebellar areas is a key to their function and related tract.
· Vermis = Spinocerebellar = Axial equilibrium.
Vermis: right down the axis of cerebellum, and vertically segmented like a spinal column.
· Flocculonodular lobe = Vestibulocerebellar = Ear, eye, body coordination.
Flocculonodular lobe: flares out to the edges, just like ears.
· Hemispheres of cerebellum = Cerebrocerebellar = Peripheral coordination.
Hemispheres: around periphery of cerebellum, and tract to cerebral hemispheres.

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---Neil Bratney, M1 U. Nebraska Med Ctr

Auditory pathway: mandatory stops

"Come In My Baritone":
Cochlear nucleus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate nucleus
Brodmann's 41 (cortex)
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---Anonymous Contributor Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX

Olivary nuclei: ear vs. eye roles

Superior Olivary nucleus: SOund localization.
· Inferior olivary nucleus is therefore the one for sight [tactile, proprioception also].
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---Miruna Segarceanu UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania

Geniculocalcarine tract

Lower bank of calcarine sulcus is the Lingual gyrus: it receives input from Lower retinal quadrants.
Therefore, Cuneus is the Upper bank of calcarine sulcus: it receives input from Upper retinal quadrants.
· Remember: lower retinal quadrants represent superior visual field quadrants and viceversa.
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---Miruna Segarceanu UMF Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania

Basal ganglia: D1 vs. D2 connections

D1 has 1 connection (Striatum-GPi/SNpr).
D2 has 2 connections (Striatum-GPe-GPi/SNpr).
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---Christina Billcliffe Oxford University Medical School

Meninges: layers in order

PAD:
Piamater
Arachnoid
Dura
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---Mohammed Azizuddin Ahmed Indian Medical Council

Parkinson's disease: signs and symptoms

SMART:
Shuffling gait
Mask-like facies
Akinesia
Rigidity
Tremor
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---Anonymous Contributor

Alzheimer's disease: common characteristics

ALZHEIMER'S:
Anterograde amnesia is usually first sign
Life expectancy increase shows more cases in recent years
Zapped (loss of) acetylcholinergic neurons
Hereditary disease
Entire hippocampus becomes affected
Identified by neurofibrillary tangles
Mutation in amyloid genes associated w/ disease
Entorhinal areas degenerate first
Retrograde amnesia ultimaltely develops
Senile plaques are formed at synapse
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---David H. Chafey Ponce School of Medicine

Afferent vs. efferent neurons

Afferent = Arrive
Efferent = Exit
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---Scott B. Phillips UC Medical College

Dysphasia: Broca's vs. Wernicke's causing expressive vs. receptive

BEWARE:
Broca's area: Expressive dysphasia.
Wernicke's Area: REceptive dysphasia.
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---Tosan Okoro LWMS

Obgyn

2008-01-29T12:22:00.003-05:00

Oral contraceptive complications: warning signs

ACHES:
Abdominal pain
Chest pain
Headache (severe)
Eye (blurred vision)
Sharp leg pain
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---Carrie Davis, RNC, MSN, WHNP Obici Health System

Abdominal pain: causes during pregnancy

LARA CROFT:
Labour
Abruption of placenta
Rupture (eg. ectopic/ uterus)
Abortion
Cholestasis
Rectus sheath haematoma
Ovarian tumour
Fibroids
Torsion of uterus
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---Graeme Little University College London

Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH): causes

4 'T's:
Tissue (retained placenta)
Tone (uterine atony)
Trauma (traumatic delivery, episiotomy)
Thrombin (coagulation disorders, DIC)
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---Nicholas Kelly

Ovarian cancer: risk factors

"Blue FILM":
Breast cancer
Family history
Infertility
Low parity
Mumps
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---Sung H. Kim

Prenatal care questions

ABCDE:
Amniotic fluid leakage?
Bleeding vaginally?
Contractions?
Dysuria?
Edema?
Fetal movement?
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---Jason Bermak UC Irvine

Forceps: indications for use

FORCEPS:
Fully dilated cervix
0 ["Zero"] CPD
Ruptured membranes
Cephalic or at least deliverable presentation/ Contracting uterus
Episiotomy done/ Epidural done
P!ss and S#!t (bladder and bowel empty)
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---Simon Holliday St. George's Hospital Medical School, UK

Asherman syndrome features

ASHERMAN:
Acquired Anomaly
Secondary to Surgery
Hysterosalpingography confirms diagnosis
Endometrial damage/ Eugonadotropic
Repeated uterine trauma
Missed Menses
Adhesions
Normal estrogen and progesterone
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---Rinku Uberoi UNIBE

Vaginal pH

Vagina has 4 labia and normal pH of vagina is about 4.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Gestation period, oocytes, vaginal pH, menstrual cycle: normal numbers

4 is the normal pH of the vagina.
40 weeks is the normal gestation period.
400 oocytes released between menarche and menopause.
400,000 oocytes present at puberty.
28 days in a normal menstrual cycle.
280 days (from last normal menstrual period) in a normal gestation period.
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---Anonymous Contributor

CVS and amniocentesis: when performed

"Chorionic" has 9 letters and Chorionic villus sampling performed at 9 weeks gestation.
"AlphaFetoProtein" has 16 letters and it's measured at 16 weeks gestation.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Spontaneous abortion: definition

"Spontaneous abortion" has less than 20 letters [it's exactly 19 letters].
Spontaneous abortion is defined as delivery or loss of products of conception at less than 20 weeks gestation.
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---Rinku Uberoi

Female pelvis: shapes

GAP:
· In order from most to least common:
Gynecoid
Android /Anthropoid
Platypelloid
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): complications

I FACE PID:
Infertility
Fitz-Hugh-Curitis syndrome
Abscesses
Chronic pelvic pain
Ectopic pregnancy
Peritonitis
Intestinal obstruction
Disseminated: sepsis, endocarditis, arthritis, meninigitis
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---Lum

B-agonist tocolytic (C/I or warning)

ABCDE:
Angina (Heart disease)
BP high
Chorioamnionitis
Diabetes
Excessive bleeding
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---Lum

Secondary amenorrhea: causes

SOAP:
Stress
OCP
Anorexia
Pregnancy
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---Nathan Sachdev University of New South Wales, Sydney

Post-partum haemmorrage (PPH): risk factors

PARTUM:
Polyhydroamnios/ Prolonged labour/ Previous cesarian
APH/ ANTH
Recent bleeding history
Twins
Uterine fibroids
Multiparity
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---Nathan Sachdev University of New South Wales, Sydney

Fetus: cardinal movements of fetus

"Don't Forget I
Enjoy Really Expensive Equipment":
Descent
Flexion
Interal rotation
Extension
Restitution
External rotation
Expulsion
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---Anonymous Contributor

Parity abbreviations (ie: G 3, P 2012)

"To Peace And Love":
T: of Term pregnancies
P: of Premature births
A: of Abortions (spontaneous or elective)
L: of Live births
· Describes the outcomes of the total number of pregnancies (Gravida).
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---Megan Duffy Medical student, AZCOM

Preeclampsia: classic triad

PREeclampsia:
Proteinuria
Rising blood pressure
Edema
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---Anonymous Contributor

Alpha-fetoprotein: some major causes for increased maternal serum AFP during pregnancy

TOLD:
Testicular tumours
Obituary (fetal death)
Liver: hepatomas
Defects (neural tube defects)
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---Isae Kilonzo University College Cork, Ireland

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB): 3 major causes

DUB:
Don't ovulate (anovulation: 90% of cases)
Unusual corpus leuteum activity (prolonged or insufficient)
Birth control pills (since increases progesterone-estrogen ratio)
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---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan

IUGR: causes

IUGR:
Inherited: chromosomal and genetic disorders
Uterus: placental insufficency
General: maternal malnutrition, smoking
Rubella and other congenital infecton
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---Anthony Chan

Early cord clamping: indications

RAPID CS:
Rh incompatibility
Asphyxia
Premature delivery
Infections
Diabetic mother
CS (caesarian section) previously, so the funda is RAPID CS
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---Rajeev and Ashish Doctors, RNTMC, UDP

Oral contraceptives: side effects

CONTRACEPTIVES:
Cholestatic jaundice
Oedema (corneal)
Nasal congestion
Thyroid dysfunction
Raised BP
Acne/ Alopecia/ Anaemia
Cerebrovascular disease
Elevated blood sugar
Porphyria/ Pigmentation/ Pancreatitis
Thromboembolism
Intracranial hypertension
Vomiting (progesterone only)
Erythema nodosum/ Extrapyramidal effects
Sensitivity to light
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---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID): causes, effects

"PID CAN be EPIC":
· Causes:
Chlamydia trachomatis
Actinomycetes
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
· Effects:
Ectopic
Pregnancy
Infertility
Chronic pain
Show Details / Rate It

---Scott Alexander Loma Linda University SOM

RLQ pain: brief female differential

AEIOU:
Appendicitis/ Abscess
Ectopic pregnancy/ Endometriosis
Inflammatory disease (pelvic)/ IBD
Ovarian cyst (rupture, torsion)
Uteric colic/ Urinary stones
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---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Forceps: indications for delivery

FORCEPS:
Foetus alive
Os dilated
Ruptured membrane
Cervix taken up
Engagement of head
Presentation suitable
Sagittal suture in AP diameter of inlet
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---Anonymous Contributor

Delivery: instrumental delivery prerequisites

AABBCCDDEE:
Analgesia
Antisepsis
Bowel empty
Bladder empty
Cephalic presentation
Consent
Dilated cervix
Disproportion (no CPD)
Engaged
Episiotomy
Show Details / Rate It

---Harold Choi Medical student in Singapore

APGAR score components

SHIRT:
Skin color: blue or pink
Heart rate: below 100 or over 100
Irritability (response to stimulation): none, grimace or cry
Respirations: irregular or good
Tone (muscle): some flexion or active
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---Kimberly Scott Medical College of Virginia

Postpartum collapse: causes

HEPARINS:
Hemorrhage
Eclampsia
Pulmonary embolism
Amniotic fluid embolism
Regional anaethetic complications
Infarction (MI)
Neurogenic shock
Septic shock
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---Hossam Elzeiny Trainee, Royal Womens Hospital, Victoria, Australia

Multiple pregnancy complications

HI, PAPA:
Hydramnios (Poly)
IUGR
Preterm labour
Antepartum haemorrhage
Pre-eclampsia
Abortion
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---Ashley Liew University of Glasgow, UK

Omental caking: likeliest cause

Omental CAking = Ovarian CA
· "Omental caking" is term for ascities, plus a fixed upper abdominal and pelvic mass. Almost always signifies ovarian cancer.
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---Anonymous Contributor

IUD: side effects

PAINS:
Period that is late
Abdominal cramps
Increase in body temperature
Noticeable vaginal discharge
Spotting
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Labour: preterm labor causes

DISEASE:
Dehydration
Infection
Sex
Exercise (strenuous)
Activities
Stress
Environmental factor (job, etc)
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---Alycia Ernst Banner Health AZ

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): first line treatment

Treat PCOS with OCP's (oral contraceptive pills).
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Antepartum hemorrhage (APH): major differential

APH:
Abruptio placentae
Placenta previa
Hemorrhage from the GU tract
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---Anonymous Contributor

Miscarriage: recurrent miscarriage causes

RIBCAGE:
Radiation
Immune reaction
Bugs (infection)
Cervical incompetence
Anatomical anomaly (uterine septum etc.)
Genetic (aneuploidy, balanced translocation etc.)
Endocrine
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---Jonty Kay Medical Student, University of Cape Town

Shoulder dystocia: management

HELPER:
Call for Help
Episiotomy
Legs up [McRoberts position]
Pressure subrapubically [not on fundus]
Enter vagina for shoulder rotation
Reach for posterior shoulder and deliver posterior shoulder/ Return head into vagina [Zavanelli maneuver] for C-section/ Rupture clavicle or pubic symphisis
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---Robert O'Connor Memorial University Newfoundland, Canada Family Medicine Residency

Ortho

2008-01-29T12:22:00.001-05:00

Bone fracture types [for Star Wars fans]

GO C3PO:
Greenstick
Open
Complete/ Closed/ Comminuted
Partial
Others
· Note: C3P0 is droid in the Star-Wars movies.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Pagets disease of bone: signs and symptoms

PANICS:
Pain
Arthralgia
Nerve compression / Neural deafness
Increased bone density
Cardiac failure
Skull / Sclerotic vertebrae
Show Details / Rate It

---Andrew Young UMDS

Fracture: how to describe

PLASTER OF PARIS:
Plane
Location
Articular cartilage involvement
Simple or comminuted
Type (eg Colles')
Extent
Reason
Open or closed
Foreign bodies
disPlacement
Angulation
Rotation
Impaction
Shortening
Show Details / Rate It

---Fletcher Davies Adelaide Medical School

Forearm fractures: bone in Monteggia vs. Galeazzi

Monteggia is fracture of ulna.
Therefore, Galeazzi is fracture of radius.
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---Dr R. Coleman Junior House Officer

Salter Harris fracture classification

Salter Harris, modified to SALTR:
type 1: Slipped epiphysis
type 2: Above the eiphyseal plate
type 3: Lower than the eiphyseal plate
type 4: Through both above and below eiphyseal plate
type 5: Raised epiphysis, as in a compression injury
· Salter Harris classification utilises visualising long bone distal portion with diaphysis superiorly placed and epiphysis inferiorly placed.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Carpal tunnel syndrome: treatment

WRIST:
Wear splints at night
Rest
Inject steroid
Surgical decompression
Take diuretics
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---Sushant Varma University of Sheffield, UK

Monoarthritis differential

GHOST:
Gout
Haemarthrosis
Osteoarthritis
Sepsis
Trauma
Show Details / Rate It

---Polly Weston Bristol University Med School

Bryant's traction: position

BrYant's traction:
Bent Y.
· Patient's body is the stem of the Y laying on the bed, and legs are the ends of the Y up in the air.
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---Kayle Luther

Osteosarcoma: risk factors

PRIMARY:
Paget's
Radiation
Infaction of bone
Male
Alcohol, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle [adults only]
Retinoblastoma, Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Young [10-20 yrs]
· Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone.
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Sacroiliitis: causes

PUB CAR:
Psoriasis
Ulcerative colitis
Behcet's disease
Crohn's disease
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's disease
Show Details / Rate It

---Chris Brewer University of Birmingham Medical School

Fracture: description

BLT LARD:
Bone
Location on bone
Type of fracture
Lengthening
Angulation
Rotation
Displacement
Show Details / Rate It

---Brian Crownover Staff Family Physician, Offutt AFB, Nebraska

Nonunion of bones: differential

You need a SPLINT:
Soft tissue interposition
Position of reduction (too much traction, immobilization, or movement)
Location (eg. lower third of tibia slow to heal)
Infection
Nutritional (damaged vessels or diseased bone)
Tumor (pathological fracture)
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---Anonymous Contributor

Joints classification, by amount of allowed movement at joint

SAD:
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
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---C. K-Murphy

Fracture: describing (short version)

DOCTOR:
Displaced vs. non-displaced
Open vs. closed
Complete vs. incomplete
Transverse fracture vs. linear fracture
Open Reduction vs. closed reduction
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---C. K-Murphy

Peds

2008-01-29T12:21:00.005-05:00

Measles: complications

"MEASLES COMP" (complications):
Myocarditis
Encephalitis
Appendicitis
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Laryngitis
Early death
Sh!ts (diarrhoea)
Corneal ulcer
Otis media
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
Pneumonia and related (bronchiolitis-bronchitis-croup)
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---Joshua Goh Unimas: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Sturge-Weber syndrome: hallmark features

Sturge-Weber:
1. Seizures
2. PortWine stain
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---Ramon Salazar

Guthrie card: diseases identified with it

"Guthrie Cards Can Help Predict Bad Metabolism":
Galactosaemia
Cystic fibrosis
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Hypothyroidism
Phenylketonuria
Biotidinase deficiency
Maple syrup urine disease
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---Logan Mitchell Dunedin Medical School, New Zealand

Croup: symptoms

3 S's:
Stridor
Subglottic swelling
Seal-bark cough
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---Robert O'Connor University College Dublin

Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT): common sign

AT:
Absent
Thymus
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---Anonymous Contributor

Cerebral palsy (CP): most likely cause

CP: Cerebral Palsy
Child Premature
· The premature brain is more prone to all the possible insults.
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---Anonymous Contributor

Vacterl syndrome: components

VACTERL:
Vertebral anomalies
Anorectal malformation
Cardiac anomaly
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
Exomphalos (aka omphalocele)
Renal anomalies
Limb anomalies
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---Mohamed Azim Assistant lecturer, Pediatric surgery, Alexandria University, Egypt

Guthrie card: diseases identified with it

GUTHRIE:
Galactosaemia
Urine [maple syrup urine disease]
THyRoid [hypothyroidism]
Inborn Errors of metabolism [eg: PKU]
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---Anonymous Contributor

Duodenal atresia vs. Pyloric stenosis: site of obstruction

Duodenal Atresia: Distal to Ampulla of vater.
Pyloric stenosis: Proximal to it.
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---Rinku Uberoi

Bilirubin: phototherapy

BiLirUbin absorbs light maximally in the
BLUe range.
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---Rinku Uberoi New York Hospital

Williams syndrome: features

WILLIAMS:
Weight (low at birth, slow to gain)
Iris (stellate iris)
Long philtrum
Large mouth
Increased Ca++
Aortic stenosis (and other stenoses)
Mental retardation
Swelling around eyes (periorbital puffiness)
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---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Russell Silver syndrome: features

ABCDEF:
Asymmetric limb (hemihypertrophy)
Bossing (frontal)
Clinodactyly/ Cafe au lait spots
Dwarf (short stature)
Excretion (GU malformation)
Face (triangular face, micrognathia)
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---Anthony Chan Chinese University of Hong Kong

Dentition: eruption times of permanent dentition

"Mama Is In Pain, Papa Can Make Medicine":
1st Molar: 6 years
1st Incisor: 7 years
2nd Incisor: 8 years
1st Premolar: 9 years
2nd Premolar: 10 years
Canine: 11 years
2nd Molar: 12 years
3rd Molar: 18-25 years
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---Saurabh Sikka

Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types

· Use your five fingers:
1 finger up: Truncus Arteriosus (1 vessel)
2 fingers up: Dextroposition of the Great Arteries (2 vessels transposed)
3 fingers up: Tricuspid Atresia (3=Tri)
4 fingers up: Tetralogy of Fallot (4=Tetra)
5 fingers up: Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (5=5 words)
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---Jeff Simmons University of Alabama School Of Medicine

Cyanotic congenital heart diseases

5 T's:
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
Tetrology of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Head circumference with age

· Remember 3, 9, and multiples of 5:
Newborn 35 cm
3 mos 40 cm
9 mos 45 cm
3 yrs 50 cm
9 yrs 55 cm
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Weights of children with age

Newborn 3 kg
6 mos 6 kg (2x birth wt at 6 mos)
1 yr 10 kg (3x birth wt at 1 yr)
3 yrs 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs)
5 yrs 20 kg
7 yrs 25 kg
9 yrs 30 kg
11 yrs 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter)
13 yrs 45 kg
15 yrs 55 kg
17 yrs 65 kg
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS): components

"Remember to decrease the RATE of IV fluids in these patients":
Renal failure
Anemia (microangiopathic, hemolytic)
Thrombocytopenia
Encephalopathy (TTP)
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Cough (chronic): differential

When cough in nursery, rock the "CRADLE":
Cystic fibrosis
Rings, slings, and airway things (tracheal rings)/ Respiratory infections
Aspiration (swallowing dysfunction, TE fistula, gastroesphageal reflux)
Dyskinetic cilia
Lung, airway, and vascular malformations (tracheomalacia, vocal cord dysfunction)
Edema (heart failure)
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Cystic fibrosis: presenting signs

CF PANCREAS:
Chronic cough and wheezing
Failure to thrive
Pancreatic insufficiency (symptoms of malabsorption like steatorrhea)
Alkalosis and hypotonic dehydration
Neonatal intestinal obstruction (meconium ileus)/ Nasal polyps
Clubbing of fingers/ Chest radiograph with characteristic changes
Rectal prolapse
Electrolyte elevation in sweat, salty skin
Absence or congenital atresia of vas deferens
Sputum with Staph or Pseudomonas (mucoid)
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Cystic fibrosis: exacerbation of pulmonary infection

CF PANCREAS:
Cough (increase in intensity and frequent spells)
Fever (usually low grade, unless severe bronchopneumonia is present)
Pulmonary function deterioration
Appetite decrease
Nutrition, weight loss
CBC (leukocytosis with left shift)
Radiograph (increase overaeration, peribronchial thickening, mucus plugging)
Exam (rales or wheezing in previously clear areas, tachypnea, retractions)
Activity (decreased, impaired exercise intolerance, increased absenteeism)
Sputum (becomes darker, thicker, and more abundant, forming plugs)
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Pyloric stenosis (congential): presentation

Pyloric stenosis is 3 P's:
Palpable mass
Paristalsis visible
Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth)
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---Dr. Atif Farooq Khawaja Rawalpindi Medical College, Pakistan

Cyanotic heart diseases: 5 types

· 5 T's:
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
Truncus arteriosus
Tricuspid atresia, pulmonary aTresia
Total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage
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---Kok Fai Kong Final year student, University of Auckland

Breast feeding: benefits

ABCDEFGH:
· Infant:
Allergic condition reduced
Best food for infant
Close relationship with mother
Development of IQ, jaws, mouth
· Mother:
Econmical
Fitness: quick return to pre-pregnancy body shape
Guards against cancer: breast, ovary, uterus
Hemorrhage (postpartum) reduced
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---Anthony Chan

Perez reflex

Eliciting the PErEz reflex will make the baby PEE.
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---Anonymous Contributor

WAGR syndrome: components

WAGR:
Wilm's tumor
Aniridia
Gential abnormalities
Mental retardation
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---Andrew J. Vasil University of Minn Medical School

Haematuria: differential in children

ABCDEFGHIJK:
Anatomy (cysts, etc)
Bladder (cystitis)
Cancer (Wilm's tumour)
Drug related (cyclophosphamide)
Exercise induced
Factitious (Munchausen by proxy)
Glomerulonephritis
Haematology (bleeding disorder, sickle cell)
Infection (UTI)
In Jury (trauma)
Kidney stones (hypercalciuria)
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---S. Jibodh University College Dublin

Vitamin toxicities: neonatal

Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)
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---Anonymous Contributor

Rubella: congenital signs

"Rubber Ducky, I'm so blue!" (like the "Rubber Ducky" song):
Rubber: Rubella
Ducky: Patent Ductus Arteriosus, VSD and pulmonary artery stenosis.
I'm: Eyes (cataracts, retinopathy, micropthalmia, glaucoma).
Blue: "Blueberry Muffin" rash (extramedullary hematopoesis in skin +purpura)
· Also, deafness, growth retardation, and some more.
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---Lior Greenberg Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel

Pediatric milestones in development

1 year:
-single words
2 years:
-2 word sentences
-understands 2 step commands
3 years:
-3 word combos
-repeats 3 digits
-rides tricycle
4 years:
-draws square
-counts 4 objects
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---Rinku Uberoi

Gastroschisis: usual location

GasTRoscHIsis usually occurs on the
RIGHT side of the umbilicus.
(Unscramble the letters).
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---Anonymous Contributor

Milk protein: women vs. cows

Woman: Whey (mostly)
Cow: Casein (mostly)
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---Anonymous Contributor

Short stature: differential

ABCDEFG:
Alone (neglected infant)
Bone dysplasias (rickets, scoliosis, mucopolysaccharidoses)
Chromosomal (Turner's, Down's)
Delayed growth
Endocrine (low growth hormone, Cushing's, hypothyroid)
Familial
GI malabsorption (celiac, Crohn's)
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---Anonymous Contributor

Breast feeding: contraindicated drugs

BREAST:
Bromocriptine/ Benzodiazepines
Radioactive isotopes/ Rizatriptan
Ergotamine/ Ethosuximide
Amiodarone/ Amphetamines
Stimulant laxatives/ Sex hormones
Tetracycline/ Tretinoin
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---Dr. Ibrahim Yasir Ahmed IGMH / Male Rep. of Maldives

Rheumatology

2008-01-29T12:21:00.003-05:00

Joint pain causes

SOFTER TISSUE:
Sepsis
Osteoarthritis
Fractures
Tendon/muscle
Epiphyseal
Referred
Tumor
Ischaemia
Seropositive arthritides
Seronegative arthritides
Urate
Extra-articular rheumatism (such as polymylagia)
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---Anonymous Contributor

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis

"MD SOAP 'N HAIR":
Malar rash
Discoid rash
Serositis
Oral ulcer
Arthritis
Photosensitivity
Neurologic abnormality
Hematologic abnormality
ANA (+)
Immunologic abnormality
Renal involvement
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Asthma: treatment

ASTHMA:
Adrenergics
Steroids
Theophylline
Hydration
Mask [O2 at 24%]
Antibiotics
Show Details / Rate It

---Anonymous Contributor

Osteoporosis risk factors

ACCESS:
Alcohol
Corticosteroid
Calcium low
Estrogen low
Smoking
Sedentary lifestyle
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---Lum

SLE (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) diagnosis (ARA criteria)

DAMP AS RHINO:
Discoid rash
ANA (+)
Malar rash
Photosensitivity
Arthritis
Serositis (pleural, pericardial)
Renal involvement
Hematologic abnormality
Immunologic abnormality
Neurologic abnormality (seizures, psychosis)
Oral / nasal ulcer, Observed
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---Thomas K. Vaughan MD Madigan Army Medical Center, Washington

Henoch schonlein purpura: signs and symptoms

NAPA:
Nephritis
Arthritis, arthralgias
Purpura, palpable (especially on buttocks and lower extremities)
Abdominal pain (need to rule out intussusception)
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---Vince Yamashiroya

Arthritis: juvenile idiopathic: differential

ARTHRITIS:
Anxiety
Rickets and metabolic
Tumor
Hematological
Reactive arthritis
Immunological (SLE)
Trauma
Injury
Sepsis
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---Malik Tariq Rahim King Edward Medical College, Pakistan

Felty's syndrome: components

SANTA:
Splenomegaly
Anaemia
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia
Arthritis (rheumatoid)
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---Dr. Harsh Sharma BJMC, Pune, India

Carpal tunnel syndrome

TINel's sign:
TINgling sensation after
Tapping on
Traumatized nerve in carpal
Tunnel syndrome
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---Anonymous Contributor

Arthritis: seronegative spondyloarthropathies

PEAR:
Psoriatic arthritis
Enteropathic arthritis
Ankylosing sponylitis
Reiter's/ Reactive
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---Dave Hassan

Ankylosing spondylitis: extra-articular manifestations

6 A's:
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Anterior uveitis
Apical lung fibrosis
Aortic incompetence
Amyloidosis (kidneys)
Autoimmune bowel disease (UC)
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---Matt Smith Birmingham Medical School

Gout: drugs and foods raising uric acid levels

Drugs are FACT:
Frusemide
Aspirin/ Alcohol
Cytotoxic drugs
Thiazide diuretics
Foods are SALTS:
Shellfish
Anchovies
Liver and kidney
Turkey
Sardines
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---Sushant Varma Junior Doctor